Indo-European

Tolkien's Languages

Albanian

Ancient Greek

Armenian

Avestan

Gothic

Noun

Verb

Strong verb class

first

second

third

fourth

fifth

sixth

seventh

Weak verb class

weak-first

weak-second

weak-third

Hittite

Latin

Lithuanian

Lycian

Old Church Slavonic

Old English

Proper noun

Adjective

Adverb

Pronoun

Preverb

Affix

Preposition

Conjunction

Numeral

Gender

masculine

feminine

neuter

Stem class

a-stem

o-stem

n-stem

i-stem

s-stem

Verb type

strong

weak

preterite-present

Weak preterite suffix

-ed-

-od-

Old Frisian

Interjection

Noun gender

Noun class

Verb class

v-II

v-III

v-IV

v-VI

v-VII

Old High German

Old Irish

Old Norse

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Declension type

Strong

Strong Type 2

Weak

Preterite Present

Conjugation

1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

4th Conjugation

v-strong-1

v-strong-2

v-strong-3

v-strong-4

v-strong-5

v-strong-6

v-strong-7

Genitive type

Stem type

-ijo-

-nd-

-ð-

Comparative formation

adj-comp-ri

Proto-Anatolian

Proto-Balto-Slavic

Proto-Celtic

Proto-Germanic

v-strong

v-weak

Proto-Indo-European

Accent-ablaut paradigm

Hysterokinetic

Proterokinetic

Acrostatic

Amphikinetic

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Proto-Italic

Proto-Northwest Germanic

Proto-Tocharian

Proto-West Germanic

Sanskrit

Tocharian B

Proper Name

Umbrian

oe-gen

-s{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-es{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-an

oe-acc

-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-n/-an

oe-dat

-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-an

oe-nom-pl

-g-as{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-g-u{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ru/-an

oe-acc-pl

oe-gen-pl

-g-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ena/-ra

oe-dat-pl

-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-umæ > a/-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-um/-rum

oe-adj-strong-nom-pl-m

oe-restoration-of-a

oe-participle

oe-delete-vowel

oe-syncope

oe-past-stem

oe-past-1sg

oe-past-2sg

oe-past-3sg

oe-past-1pl

oe-past-2pl

oe-past-3pl

post-pwgmc-intervocalic-z

z > r / {V|j}_{V|j}, z > r / {V|j}r_{V|j}

post-pwgmc-monosyllabic-z

aiz > ā / C_, iz > ē / C_, uz > ū / C_

north-pwgmc-nasals-before-fricatives

[+syllabic,+low][-syllabic,nasal] > [+long,nasal] / _[-sonorant,+continuant], [+syllabic][-syllabic,nasal] > [+long] / _[-sonorant,+continuant]

north-pwgmc-e-before-m

north-pwgmc-nasalization

pre-oe-a-fronting

{a|ā} > {æ|ǣ} / _{!w|wi}, {a|ā} > {æ|ǣ} / _{!w|wi}

pre-oe-long-o-unrounding

pre-oe-lth

pre-oe-ij-syncope

pre-oe-h-before-two-nonsyllabics

oe-diphthong-tensing

oe-breaking-before-h

æ > ea / _h, e > eo / _h, i > io / _h, ī > īo / _h, ǣ > ēa / _h

oe-breaking-before-rc-lc

æ > ea / _{r|l}C, e > eo / _rC, e > eo / _lh, i > io / _rC, i > ie / _lh

oe-breaking-before-w

oe-hs

oe-ae-retraction

æ > a / _C[+back], æ > a / _CC[+back], æ > a / _sC[+back]

oe-palatalization

{k|g} > {ċ|ġ} / #_[-back], {kk|gg} > {ċċ|ċġ} / _{i|ī|j}, {k|g} > {ċ|ġ} / _{i|ī|j}, k > ċ / {i|ī}_{[-back]|#}, sk > sċ / #_{V|r}, g > ġ / [-back]_{[-back]|#}, g > ġ / [-back]_C

oe-ortho

oe-w-after-non-initial-velars

oe-palatal-diphtongization

{æ|ǣ} > {ea|ēa} / {ċ|ġ}_, e > ie / {ċ|ġ}_

oe-i-umlaut

oe-stress

oe-w-before-unstressed-i

oe-short-vowel-syncope

oe-i-syncope-near-l

oe-postconsonantal-j

oe-depalatalize-before-consonant

oe-shortening-before-consonants

[+syllabic] > [-long] / _CCC, [+syllabic] > [-long] / _CC, [+syllabic] > [-long] / _CC

oe-apocope

oe-voicing-assimilation

oe-degemination-before-consonant

oe-shortening-unstressed

oe-h-voiced-consonants

VVh > [+long]V / _{l|r}, Vh > [+long] / _{l|r}, h > ∅ / [+voice]_[+voice,-syllabic], VV{l|r}h > [+long]V{l|r} / _[+voice], V{l|r}h > [+long]{l|r} / _[+voice], h > ∅ / [+voice,-syllabic]_[+voice]

oe-intervocalic-h

VVh[+syllabic] > [+long]V, [+back]hV > [+long]

oe-back-umlaut

i > io / _{l|r|[bilabial]}{u|a}, e > eo / _{l|r|[bilabial]|[labiodental]}u

oe-epenthesis

∅ > e / C_r#, ∅ > o / C_r#, ∅ > e / C_l#, ∅ > o / C_l#, ∅ > e / C_n#, ∅ > u / C_m#

	Sg M	Pl M	Sg F	Pl F	Sg N	Pl N
Nom	ġefrǣġa (rule)	ġefrǣġan (rule)	ġefrǣġe (rule)	ġefrǣġan (rule)	ġefrǣġe (rule)	ġefrǣġan (rule)
Acc	ġefrǣġan (rule)	ġefrǣġan (rule)	ġefrǣġan (rule)	ġefrǣġan (rule)	ġefrǣġe (rule)	ġefrǣġan (rule)
Gen	ġefrǣġan (rule)	ġefrǣġra (rule)	ġefrǣġan (rule)	ġefrǣġra (rule)	ġefrǣġan (rule)	ġefrǣġra (rule)
Dat	ġefrǣġan (rule)	ġefrǣġeum (rule)	ġefrǣġan (rule)	ġefrǣġeum (rule)	ġefrǣġan (rule)	ġefrǣġeum (rule)

	SgM	PlM	SgF	PlF	SgN	PlN
Nom	ġefrǣġe	ġefrǣġee (rule)	ġefrǣġeu (rule)	ġefrǣġa (rule)	ġefrǣġe (rule)	ġefrǣġe (rule)
Acc	ġefrǣġne (rule)	ġefrǣġee (rule)	ġefrǣġe (rule)	ġefrǣġa (rule)	ġefrǣġe (rule)	ġefrǣġe (rule)
Gen	ġefrǣġees (rule)	ġefrǣġra (rule)	ġefrǣġre (rule)	ġefrǣġra (rule)	ġefrǣġees (rule)	ġefrǣġra (rule)
Dat	ġefrǣġeum (rule)	ġefrǣġeum (rule)	ġefrǣġre (rule)	ġefrǣġeum (rule)	ġefrǣġeum (rule)	ġefrǣġeum (rule)
Instr	ġefrǣġee (rule)	ġefrǣġeum (rule)	ġefrǣġre (rule)	ġefrǣġeum (rule)	ġefrǣġee (rule)	ġefrǣġeum (rule)

Etymograph > Indo-European > Old English > Dictionary > ġefrǣġe > Paradigms

Adjective Weak

Adjective Strong