Indo-European

Tolkien's Languages

Albanian

Ancient Greek

Armenian

Avestan

Gothic

Noun

Verb

Strong verb class

first

second

third

fourth

fifth

sixth

seventh

Weak verb class

weak-first

weak-second

weak-third

Hittite

Latin

Lithuanian

Lycian

Old Church Slavonic

Old English

Proper noun

Adjective

Adverb

Pronoun

Preverb

Affix

Preposition

Conjunction

Numeral

Gender

masculine

feminine

neuter

Stem class

a-stem

o-stem

n-stem

i-stem

s-stem

Verb type

strong

weak

preterite-present

Weak preterite suffix

-ed-

-od-

Old Frisian

Interjection

Noun gender

Noun class

Verb class

v-II

v-III

v-IV

v-VI

v-VII

Old High German

Old Irish

Old Norse

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Declension type

Strong

Strong Type 2

Weak

Preterite Present

Conjugation

1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

4th Conjugation

v-strong-1

v-strong-2

v-strong-3

v-strong-4

v-strong-5

v-strong-6

v-strong-7

Genitive type

Stem type

-ijo-

-nd-

-ð-

Comparative formation

adj-comp-ri

Proto-Anatolian

Proto-Balto-Slavic

Proto-Celtic

Proto-Germanic

v-strong

v-weak

Proto-Indo-European

Accent-ablaut paradigm

Hysterokinetic

Proterokinetic

Acrostatic

Amphikinetic

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Proto-Italic

Proto-Northwest Germanic

Proto-Tocharian

Proto-West Germanic

Sanskrit

Tocharian B

Proper Name

Umbrian

oe-gen

-s{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-es{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-an

oe-acc

-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-n/-an

oe-dat

-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-an

oe-nom-pl

-g-as{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-g-u{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ru/-an

oe-acc-pl

oe-gen-pl

-g-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ena/-ra

oe-dat-pl

-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-umæ > a/-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-um/-rum

oe-adj-strong-nom-pl-m

oe-restoration-of-a

oe-participle

oe-delete-vowel

oe-syncope

oe-past-stem

oe-past-1sg

oe-past-2sg

oe-past-3sg

oe-past-1pl

oe-past-2pl

oe-past-3pl

post-pwgmc-intervocalic-z

z > r / {V|j}_{V|j}, z > r / {V|j}r_{V|j}

post-pwgmc-monosyllabic-z

aiz > ā / C_, iz > ē / C_, uz > ū / C_

north-pwgmc-nasals-before-fricatives

[+syllabic,+low][-syllabic,nasal] > [+long,nasal] / _[-sonorant,+continuant], [+syllabic][-syllabic,nasal] > [+long] / _[-sonorant,+continuant]

north-pwgmc-e-before-m

north-pwgmc-nasalization

pre-oe-a-fronting

{a|ā} > {æ|ǣ} / _{!w|wi}, {a|ā} > {æ|ǣ} / _{!w|wi}

pre-oe-long-o-unrounding

pre-oe-lth

pre-oe-ij-syncope

pre-oe-h-before-two-nonsyllabics

oe-diphthong-tensing

oe-breaking-before-h

æ > ea / _h, e > eo / _h, i > io / _h, ī > īo / _h, ǣ > ēa / _h

oe-breaking-before-rc-lc

æ > ea / _{r|l}C, e > eo / _rC, e > eo / _lh, i > io / _rC, i > ie / _lh

oe-breaking-before-w

oe-hs

oe-ae-retraction

æ > a / _C[+back], æ > a / _CC[+back], æ > a / _sC[+back]

oe-palatalization

{k|g} > {ċ|ġ} / #_[-back], {kk|gg} > {ċċ|ċġ} / _{i|ī|j}, {k|g} > {ċ|ġ} / _{i|ī|j}, k > ċ / {i|ī}_{[-back]|#}, sk > sċ / #_{V|r}, g > ġ / [-back]_{[-back]|#}, g > ġ / [-back]_C

oe-ortho

oe-w-after-non-initial-velars

oe-palatal-diphtongization

{æ|ǣ} > {ea|ēa} / {ċ|ġ}_, e > ie / {ċ|ġ}_

oe-i-umlaut

oe-stress

oe-w-before-unstressed-i

oe-short-vowel-syncope

oe-i-syncope-near-l

oe-postconsonantal-j

oe-depalatalize-before-consonant

oe-shortening-before-consonants

[+syllabic] > [-long] / _CCC, [+syllabic] > [-long] / _CC, [+syllabic] > [-long] / _CC

oe-apocope

oe-voicing-assimilation

oe-degemination-before-consonant

oe-shortening-unstressed

oe-h-voiced-consonants

VVh > [+long]V / _{l|r}, Vh > [+long] / _{l|r}, h > ∅ / [+voice]_[+voice,-syllabic], VV{l|r}h > [+long]V{l|r} / _[+voice], V{l|r}h > [+long]{l|r} / _[+voice], h > ∅ / [+voice,-syllabic]_[+voice]

oe-intervocalic-h

VVh[+syllabic] > [+long]V, [+back]hV > [+long]

oe-back-umlaut

i > io / _{l|r|[bilabial]}{u|a}, e > eo / _{l|r|[bilabial]|[labiodental]}u

oe-epenthesis

∅ > e / C_r#, ∅ > o / C_r#, ∅ > e / C_l#, ∅ > o / C_l#, ∅ > e / C_n#, ∅ > u / C_m#

	Sg M	Pl M	Sg F	Pl F	Sg N	Pl N
Nom	ēċa (rule)	ēċan (rule)	ēċe (rule)	ēċan (rule)	ēċe (rule)	ēċan (rule)
Acc	ēċan (rule)	ēċan (rule)	ēċan (rule)	ēċan (rule)	ēċe (rule)	ēċan (rule)
Gen	ēċan (rule)	ēċra (rule)	ēċan (rule)	ēċra (rule)	ēċan (rule)	ēċra (rule)
Dat	ēċan (rule)	ēcm (rule)	ēċan (rule)	ēcm (rule)	ēċan (rule)	ēcm (rule)

	SgM	PlM	SgF	PlF	SgN	PlN
Nom	ēċe	ēċe (rule)	ēċe (rule)	ēċa (rule)	ēċe (rule)	ēċe (rule)
Acc	ēċne (rule)	ēċe (rule)	ēċe (rule)	ēċa (rule)	ēċe (rule)	ēċe (rule)
Gen	ēċes (rule)	ēċra (rule)	ēċre (rule)	ēċra (rule)	ēċes (rule)	ēċra (rule)
Dat	ēcm (rule)	ēcm (rule)	ēċre (rule)	ēcm (rule)	ēcm (rule)	ēcm (rule)
Instr	ēċe (rule)	ēcm (rule)	ēċre (rule)	ēcm (rule)	ēċe (rule)	ēcm (rule)

Etymograph > Indo-European > Old English > Dictionary > ēċe > Paradigms

Adjective Weak

Adjective Strong