Tolkien's Languages

Indo-European

Albanian

Number

Singular

Dual

Plural

Person

Case

Nomiinative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

Gender

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Tense

Present

Imperfect

Aorist

Perfect

Mood

Indicative

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Ancient Greek

Noun

Proper Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

Preposition

Conjunction

Pronoun

Affix

Armenian

Avestan

Breton

First person

Second person

Third person

Gothic

Strong verb class

first

second

third

fourth

fifth

sixth

seventh

Weak verb class

weak-first

weak-second

weak-third

Common

Nominative

Locative

Allative

Ergative

Ablative

Instrumental

Past

Voice

Active

Medio-passive

Non-finite form

Participle

Supine

Infinitive I

Infinitive II

Verbal Noun

Hittite

Clitic

clitic

Conjugation

ttari

āri

Latin

Lithuanian

Preterite

Lycian

Middle Welsh

Modern Welsh

Old Church Slavonic

Non-finite verb form

Inflected infinitive

Comparison degree

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Strength

Strong

Weak

Old English

Proper noun

Preverb

Numeral

masculine

feminine

neuter

Stem class

a-stem

o-stem

n-stem

i-stem

s-stem

Verb type

strong

weak

preterite-present

Weak preterite suffix

-ed-

-od-

Old Frisian

Interjection

Noun gender

Noun class

Verb class

v-II

v-III

v-IV

v-VI

v-VII

Old High German

Old Irish

Middle

Deverbal form

Past participle

Infinitive

Comparative degree

Definite State

Definite

Old Norse

Declension type

Strong Type 2

Preterite Present

1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

4th Conjugation

v-strong-1

v-strong-2

v-strong-3

v-strong-4

v-strong-5

v-strong-6

v-strong-7

Genitive type

Stem type

-ijo-

-nd-

-ð-

Comparative formation

adj-comp-ri

Old Saxon

Proto-Anatolian

Proto-Balto-Slavic

Proto-Celtic

Vocative

Proto-Germanic

v-strong

v-weak

Injunctive

Proto-Indo-European

Accent-ablaut paradigm

Hysterokinetic

Proterokinetic

Acrostatic

Amphikinetic

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Proto-Italic

Proto-Northwest Germanic

Proto-Tocharian

Proto-West Germanic

Sanskrit

Oblique

Perlative

Comitative

Causal

Verbal noun

Tocharian B

Proper Name

Umbrian

oe-gen

-s{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-es{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-an

oe-acc

-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-n/-an

oe-dat

-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-an

oe-nom-pl

-g-as{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-g-u{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ru/-an

oe-acc-pl

oe-gen-pl

-g-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ena/-ra

oe-dat-pl

-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-umæ > a/-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-um/-rum

oe-adj-strong-nom-pl-m

oe-restoration-of-a

oe-participle

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
zik	tuel	2SG	zik > zikaš	zikaš
ūk	ammēl	1SG	ūk > ūkaš	ūkaš
lingai-	linkii̯aš	oath	lingai- > lingaiaš	lingaiaš
lingai-	lenkiaš	oath	lingai- > lingaiaš	lingaiaš
^LÚBÁḪAR	^LÚBÁḪAR-aš	potter	^LÚ^BÁḪAR > ^LÚ^BÁḪARaš	^LÚ^BÁḪARaš
kāš	kēl	this	kāš > kāšaš	kāšaš
tuppi-	tuppiaš	tablet	tuppi- > tuppiaš
LUGAL	LUGAL-aš	king	LUGAL > LUGALaš	LUGALaš
šumēš	šumenzan	2PL	šumēš > šumēšaš	šumēšaš
tukka-	tuggaš	body	tukka- > tukkaaš	tukkaaš
ištanza-	ištanzaš	soul	ištanza- > ištanzaaš	ištanzaaš
āššii̯ant-	āššii̯antaš	beloved	āššii̯ant- > āššii̯antaš
DUMU	DUMU-aš	son	DUMU > DUMUaš	DUMUaš
aruna-	arunaš	sea	aruna- > arunaaš	arunaaš
tulii̯a-	tulii̯aš	meeting	tulii̯a- > tulii̯aaš	tulii̯aaš
kuiški	kuelka	someone	kuiški > kuiškiaš	kuiškiaš
u̯ēš	anzel	1PL	u̯ēš > u̯ēšaš	u̯ēšaš
ḫattuša	ḫattušaš	Ḫattuša	ḫattuša > ḫattušaaš	ḫattušaaš
MUNUS	MUNUS-aš	woman	MUNUS > MUNUSaš	MUNUSaš

Etymograph > Indo-European > Hittite > Morphology > hitt-gen-sg

Examples