Tolkien's Languages

Indo-European

Albanian

Number

Singular

Dual

Plural

Person

Case

Nomiinative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

Gender

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Tense

Present

Imperfect

Aorist

Perfect

Mood

Indicative

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Ancient Greek

Noun

Proper Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

Preposition

Conjunction

Pronoun

Affix

Armenian

Avestan

Breton

First person

Second person

Third person

Gothic

Strong verb class

first

second

third

fourth

fifth

sixth

seventh

Weak verb class

weak-first

weak-second

weak-third

Common

Nominative

Locative

Allative

Ergative

Ablative

Instrumental

Past

Voice

Active

Medio-passive

Non-finite form

Participle

Supine

Infinitive I

Infinitive II

Verbal Noun

Hittite

Clitic

clitic

Conjugation

ttari

āri

Latin

Lithuanian

Preterite

Lycian

Middle Welsh

Modern Welsh

Old Church Slavonic

Non-finite verb form

Inflected infinitive

Comparison degree

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Strength

Strong

Weak

Old English

Proper noun

Preverb

Numeral

masculine

feminine

neuter

Stem class

a-stem

o-stem

n-stem

i-stem

s-stem

Verb type

strong

weak

preterite-present

Weak preterite suffix

-ed-

-od-

Old Frisian

Interjection

Noun gender

Noun class

Verb class

v-II

v-III

v-IV

v-VI

v-VII

Old High German

Old Irish

Middle

Deverbal form

Past participle

Infinitive

Comparative degree

Definite State

Definite

Old Norse

Declension type

Strong Type 2

Preterite Present

1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

4th Conjugation

v-strong-1

v-strong-2

v-strong-3

v-strong-4

v-strong-5

v-strong-6

v-strong-7

Genitive type

Stem type

-ijo-

-nd-

-ð-

Comparative formation

adj-comp-ri

Old Saxon

Proto-Anatolian

Proto-Balto-Slavic

Proto-Celtic

Vocative

Proto-Germanic

v-strong

v-weak

Injunctive

Proto-Indo-European

Accent-ablaut paradigm

Hysterokinetic

Proterokinetic

Acrostatic

Amphikinetic

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Proto-Italic

Proto-Northwest Germanic

Proto-Tocharian

Proto-West Germanic

Sanskrit

Oblique

Perlative

Comitative

Causal

Verbal noun

Tocharian B

Proper Name

Umbrian

oe-gen

-s{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-es{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-an

oe-acc

-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-n/-an

oe-dat

-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-an

oe-nom-pl

-g-as{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-g-u{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ru/-an

oe-acc-pl

oe-gen-pl

-g-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ena/-ra

oe-dat-pl

-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-umæ > a/-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-um/-rum

oe-adj-strong-nom-pl-m

oe-restoration-of-a

oe-participle

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
maraššantii̯a	maraššantii̯az	Maraššantii̯a	maraššantii̯a > maraššantii̯az
nepiš	nepíšaz	cloud	nepiš > nepišz	nepišz
^GIŠGIGIR	^GIŠGIGIR-az	wagon	^GIŠ^GIGIR > ^GIŠ^GIGIRz	^GIŠ^GIGIRz
ūk	ammedaz	1SG	ūk > ūkz	ūkz
ŠU	ŠU-az	hand	ŠU > ŠUz	ŠUz
^GIŠAB	^GIŠAB-az	window	^GIŠ^AB > ^GIŠ^ABz	^GIŠ^ABz
ḫūmant-	ḫūmandaz	every	ḫūmant- > ḫūmantz	ḫūmantz
zālpuu̯a	zālpuu̯az	Zālpuu̯a	zālpuu̯a > zālpuu̯az
UD.KAM	UD.KAM-az	day	UD.KAM > UD.KAMz	UD.KAMz
šuḫḫa-	šuḫḫaz	roof	šuḫḫa- > šuḫḫaz
keššar	kiššaraz	hand	keššar > keššarz	keššarz
GÙB-la	GÙB-la-az	leftmost	GÙB-la > GÙB-laz	GÙB-laz

Etymograph > Indo-European > Hittite > Morphology > hitt-abl

Examples