Tolkien's Languages

Indo-European

Albanian

Number

Singular

Dual

Plural

Person

Case

Nomiinative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

Gender

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Tense

Present

Imperfect

Aorist

Perfect

Mood

Indicative

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Ancient Greek

Noun

Proper Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

Preposition

Conjunction

Pronoun

Affix

Armenian

Avestan

Breton

First person

Second person

Third person

Gothic

Strong verb class

first

second

third

fourth

fifth

sixth

seventh

Weak verb class

weak-first

weak-second

weak-third

Common

Nominative

Locative

Allative

Ergative

Ablative

Instrumental

Past

Voice

Active

Medio-passive

Non-finite form

Participle

Supine

Infinitive I

Infinitive II

Verbal Noun

Hittite

Clitic

clitic

Conjugation

ttari

āri

Latin

Lithuanian

Preterite

Lycian

Middle Welsh

Modern Welsh

Old Church Slavonic

Non-finite verb form

Inflected infinitive

Comparison degree

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Strength

Strong

Weak

Old English

Proper noun

Preverb

Numeral

masculine

feminine

neuter

Stem class

a-stem

o-stem

n-stem

i-stem

s-stem

Verb type

strong

weak

preterite-present

Weak preterite suffix

-ed-

-od-

Old Frisian

Interjection

Noun gender

Noun class

Verb class

v-II

v-III

v-IV

v-VI

v-VII

Old High German

Old Irish

Middle

Deverbal form

Past participle

Infinitive

Comparative degree

Definite State

Definite

Old Norse

Declension type

Strong Type 2

Preterite Present

1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

4th Conjugation

v-strong-1

v-strong-2

v-strong-3

v-strong-4

v-strong-5

v-strong-6

v-strong-7

Genitive type

Stem type

-ijo-

-nd-

-ð-

Comparative formation

adj-comp-ri

Old Saxon

Proto-Anatolian

Proto-Balto-Slavic

Proto-Celtic

Vocative

Proto-Germanic

v-strong

v-weak

Injunctive

Proto-Indo-European

Accent-ablaut paradigm

Hysterokinetic

Proterokinetic

Acrostatic

Amphikinetic

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Proto-Italic

Proto-Northwest Germanic

Proto-Tocharian

Proto-West Germanic

Sanskrit

Oblique

Perlative

Comitative

Causal

Verbal noun

Tocharian B

Proper Name

Umbrian

oe-gen

-s{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-es{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-an

oe-acc

-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-n/-an

oe-dat

-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-an

oe-nom-pl

-g-as{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-g-u{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ru/-an

oe-acc-pl

oe-gen-pl

-g-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ena/-ra

oe-dat-pl

-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-umæ > a/-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-um/-rum

oe-adj-strong-nom-pl-m

oe-restoration-of-a

oe-participle

From	To	Gloss	Steps
eš-	eša	sit down	eš- > eša
kiš-	kišari	become	kiš- > kiša > kišari
eš-	ešari	sit down	eš- > eša > ešari

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
zaḫḫ-	zaḫtari	hit	zaḫḫ- > zaḫḫtta	zaḫḫtta
paḫš-	paḫšari	protect	paḫš- > paḫštta	paḫštta
ištamašš-	ištammaštari	listen	ištamašš- > ištamašštta	ištamašštta
ki-	kittari	lie	ki- > kitta > kittari
u̯eḫ-	u̯eḫattari	turn	u̯eḫ- > u̯eḫtta > u̯eḫttari	u̯eḫttari
ar-	GUB-ri	be standing	ar- > artta	artta
mer-	mar-ta-ri	disappear	mer- > mertta > merttari	merttari
ueḫa-	ueḫatta	spin	ueḫa- > ueḫatta

Etymograph > Indo-European > Hittite > Morphology > hitt-mp-3sg

Examples

Examples

Examples