Etymograph > Indo-European > Proto-Northwest Germanic > Rules > pnwgmc-e-lowering

From Proto-Germanic to Proto-Northwest Germanic

• ē > ā if sound is stressed

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PGmc *wēpną	*wāpną	weapon	wēpną > wāpną
PGmc *lēkja-	OE lǣċe	doctor; leech	lēkja- > lākja > lǣċ	lǣċ
PGmc *strēlō	PWGmc *strālu	arrow	strēlō > strālō > strālu
PGmc *lētaną	*lātaną	to let go, to allow	lētaną > lātaną
PGmc *rēdaną	*rādaną	to consider, to advise	rēdaną > rādaną
PGmc *grēdagaz	*grādagaz	hungry, greedy	grēdagaz > grādagaz
PGmc *mēgaz	*māgaz	kinsman	mēgaz > māgaz
PGmc *mēga-	OE mǣġ	kinsman	mēga- > māga > mǣġ
PGmc *mēnô	*mānô	moon	mēnô > mānô
PGmc *mēnan-	OE mōna	moon	mēnan- > mānan > mōnan	mōnan
PGmc *mēlą	*mālą	(a) time	mēlą > mālą
PGmc *jērą	*jārą	year	jērą > jārą
PGmc *swēraz	*swāraz	heavy	swēraz > swāraz
PGmc *fētijana	*fātijana	to adorn	fētijana > fātijana
PGmc *dēdiz	*dādiz	deed	dēdiz > dādiz
PGmc *lēkinôna	*lākinôna	to heal	lēkinôna > lākinôna
PGmc *mēkijaz	*mākijaz	sword	mēkijaz > mākijaz
PGmc *mērijaz	*mārijaz	famous	mērijaz > mārijaz
PGmc *swē	OE swā	as, like; so	swē > swā > swǣ	swǣ
PGmc *rēdan-	OE rǣdan	decide	rēdan- > rādan > rǣdan
PGmc *lēwijaną	PWGmc *lāwijan	to betray	lēwijaną > lāwijaną > lāwijan
PGmc *lēwjan-	OE lǣwan	to betray	lēwjan- > lāwjan > lǣwan
PGmc *lēkijaz	PWGmc *lākī	physician	lēkijaz > lākijaz > lākī
PGmc *sprēkō-	OE sprǣċ	speech	sprēkō- > sprākō > sprāc	sprāc
PGmc *wēgaz	*wāgaz	wave	wēgaz > wāgaz
PGmc *wēniz	*wāniz	hope, expectation	wēniz > wāniz
PGmc *mēriþō	*māriþu	fame, reputation	mēriþō > māriþō > māriþu
PGmc *slēpaną	*slāpaną	sleep	slēpaną > slāpaną
PGmc *gēbun	*gābun	to give.pst.pl	gēbun > gābun
PGmc *swēsaz	*swāsaz	one's own	swēsaz > swāsaz
PGmc *nēhʷ-	*nāhʷ-	near	nēhʷ- > nāhʷ-
PGmc *nēhʷa-	OE nēah	near	nēhʷa- > nāhʷa > nēah
PGmc *kʷēniz	*kʷāniz	woman, wife	kʷēniz > kʷāniz
PGmc *bēla-	OE bǣl	(bon)fire, (funeral) pyre	bēla- > bāla > bǣl
PGmc *bērō-	OE bār	bier	bērō- > bārō > bār
PGmc *blēan-	OE blāwan	blow	blēan- > blāan > blāwan
PGmc *blēstu-	OE blǣst	blowing, blast	blēstu- > blāstu > blǣst
PGmc *blēwa-	OE blāw	blue	blēwa- > blāwa > blāw
PGmc *dwēsa-	OE dwæs	foolish	dwēsa- > dwāsa > dwǣs	dwǣs
PGmc *ēbanþ-	OE ǣfen	evening	ēbanþ- > āβanþ > āfanþ	āfanþ
PGmc *ēdra-	OE ǣdre	quick	ēdra- > ādra > ǣdr	ǣdr
PGmc *ēla-	OE ǣl	eel	ēla- > āla > ǣl
PGmc *ēlō-	OE ǣl	awl	ēlō- > ālō > āl	āl
PGmc *ēmōn-	OE ōman	erysipelas	ēmōn- > āmōn > ōman
PGmc *ēmōn-	OE ē̆mel	larva	ēmōn- > āmōn > ōman	ōman
PGmc *ēsa-	OE ǣs	dead meat; bait	ēsa- > āsa > ǣs
PGmc *ēþman-	OE ǣþm	breath	ēþman- > āþman > ǣþman	ǣþman
PGmc *ēþrō-	OE ǣdre	vein, rivulet	ēþrō- > āþrō > ǣþer	ǣþer
PGmc *gēn-	OE gān	to go	gēn- > gān > gōn	gōn
PGmc *grēdu-	OE grǣd	hunger, desire	grēdu- > grādu > grǣd
PGmc *grētan-	OE grǣtan	wail	grētan- > grātan > grǣtan
PGmc *grēwa-	OE grǣw	grey	grēwa- > grāwa > grāw	grāw
PGmc *hēra-	OE hǣr	hair	hēra- > hāra > hǣr
PGmc *hēwja-	OE hāwi	dark blue(?)	hēwja- > hāwja > hǣ	hǣ
PGmc *hʷēsan-	OE hwǣsan	wheeze	hʷēsan- > hʷāsan > hwǣsan
PGmc *kēgjō-	OE cǣg	peg, key	kēgjō- > kāgjō > ċīeġ	ċīeġ
PGmc *knēi-	OE ge-cnǣwe	acknowledging	knēi- > knāi > cnǣ	cnǣ
PGmc *lēkinōn-	OE lǣcnian	heal	lēkinōn- > lākinōn > lǣcnian
PGmc *mēan-	OE māwan	mow	mēan- > māan > māwan
PGmc *mēla-	OE mǣl	point in time	mēla- > māla > mǣl
PGmc *mēla-	OE mǣl	spot, mark	mēla- > māla > mǣl
PGmc *mēla-	OE mǣl	measure, amount	mēla- > māla > mǣl
PGmc *mēnōþ-	OE mōnað	month	mēnōþ- > mānōþ > mōnað
PGmc *mērijaz	OE mǣre	famous	mērijaz > mārijaz > mǣre
PGmc *mērjan-	OE mǣran	make illustrious	mērjan- > mārjan > mǣran
PGmc *mēslō-	OE masele	growth	mēslō- > māslō > mǣsl	mǣsl
PGmc *mēþa-	OE mǣð	mowing, mown grass	mēþa- > māþa > mǣð
PGmc *mēþi-	OE mǣð	measure	mēþi- > māþi > mǣð
PGmc *nēdrōn-	OE nǣdre	viper	nēdrōn- > nādrōn > nǣdran	nǣdran
PGmc *nēþlō-	OE nǣþl	needle	nēþlō- > nāþlō > nǣþl
PGmc *sēan-	OE sāwan	sow	sēan- > sāan > sāwan
PGmc *sēda-	OE sǣd	seed	sēda- > sāda > sǣd
PGmc *sēti-	OE and-sæte	possible to sit on	sēti- > sāti > sǣt	sǣt
PGmc *skēpa-	OE sċēp	sheep	skēpa- > skāpa > sċēap	sċēap
PGmc *skēra-	OE sċēara	pair of scissors	skēra- > skāra > sċēar	sċēar
PGmc *swēraz	OE swǣr	heavy	swēraz > swāraz > swǣr
PGmc *þrēan-	OE þrāwan	turn	þrēan- > þrāan > þrāwan
PGmc *þrēdu-	OE þrǣd	thread	þrēdu- > þrādu > þrǣd
PGmc *wēan-	OE wāwan	blow	wēan- > wāan > wāwan
PGmc *wēbna-	OE wǣpn	weapon	wēbna- > wāβna > wǣfn	wǣfn
PGmc *wēta-	OE wǣt	wet	wēta- > wāta > wǣt
PGmc *wrēþu-	OE wrǣð	herd (of swine)	wrēþu- > wrāþu > wrǣð
PGmc *frēgi-	pre-OE *frǣġe	renowned	frēgi- > frāgi > frǣġ	frǣġ
PGmc *mēti-	pre-OE *mǣte	estimable	mēti- > māti > mǣt	mǣt
PGmc *knēan-	pre-OE *cnāwan	know	knēan- > knāan > cnāwan

Orphan Examples

From	To	Gloss	Expected
PGmc *unlēdaz	*unlādaz	poor	unlēdaz

Sequences

pgmc-to-pnwgmc: next pnwgmc-word-final-long-o
pgmc-to-pwgmc: next pnwgmc-word-final-long-o
pgmc-to-oe: next pnwgmc-word-final-long-o