Indo-European

Tolkien's Languages

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Number

Singular

Dual

Plural

Person

First person

Second person

Third person

Gothic

Noun

Verb

Strong verb class

first

second

third

fourth

fifth

sixth

seventh

Weak verb class

weak-first

weak-second

weak-third

Gender

Common

Neuter

Case

Nominative

Accusative

Genitive

Dative

Locative

Allative

Ergative

Ablative

Instrumental

Tense

Present

Past

Voice

Active

Medio-passive

Hittite

Proper Noun

Adjective

Adverb

Preposition

Conjunction

Pronoun

Affix

Clitic

clitic

Conjugation

ttari

āri

Latin

Lithuanian

Preterite

Lycian

Middle Welsh

Modern Welsh

Old Church Slavonic

Masculine

Feminine

Mood

Indicative

Subjunctive

Non-finite verb form

Inflected infinitive

Participle

Comparison degree

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Strength

Strong

Weak

Old English

Proper noun

Preverb

Numeral

masculine

feminine

neuter

Stem class

a-stem

o-stem

n-stem

i-stem

s-stem

Verb type

strong

weak

preterite-present

Weak preterite suffix

-ed-

-od-

Imperative

Old Frisian

Interjection

Noun gender

Noun class

Verb class

v-II

v-III

v-IV

v-VI

v-VII

Old High German

Old Irish

Middle

Deverbal form

Past participle

Infinitive

Comparative degree

Definite State

Definite

Old Norse

Declension type

Strong Type 2

Preterite Present

1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

4th Conjugation

v-strong-1

v-strong-2

v-strong-3

v-strong-4

v-strong-5

v-strong-6

v-strong-7

Genitive type

Stem type

-ijo-

-nd-

-ð-

Comparative formation

adj-comp-ri

Old Saxon

Proto-Anatolian

Proto-Balto-Slavic

Proto-Celtic

Proto-Germanic

v-strong

v-weak

Nomiinative

Vocative

Imperfect

Aorist

Perfect

Injunctive

Optative

Proto-Indo-European

Accent-ablaut paradigm

Hysterokinetic

Proterokinetic

Acrostatic

Amphikinetic

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Proto-Italic

Proto-Northwest Germanic

Proto-Tocharian

Proto-West Germanic

Sanskrit

Oblique

Perlative

Comitative

Causal

Verbal noun

Tocharian B

Proper Name

Umbrian

oe-gen

-s{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-es{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-an

oe-acc

-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-n/-an

oe-dat

-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-an

oe-nom-pl

-g-as{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-g-u{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ru/-an

oe-acc-pl

oe-gen-pl

-g-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ena/-ra

oe-dat-pl

-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-umæ > a/-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-um/-rum

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
kāpia	kapeden	buy	kāpia > ?	?
bidda	beden	ask	bidda > ?	?
ieria	ieraden	desire	ieria > ?	?
tia	tegen	pull	tia > ?	?
kuma	komen	come	kuma > ?	?
kunna	kuden	know how to	kunna > ?	?
wella	wolden	wish	wella > ?	?

Etymograph > Indo-European > Old Frisian > Morphology > ofr-past-pl

Orphan Examples