Etymograph > Indo-European > Old English > Rules > pgmc-to-oe

pnwgmc-e-lowering

Ringe 2014:10 (2.1.1)

ē > ā if sound is stressed

Example: PGmc *rēdan- 'decide' > *rādan > OE rǣdan

pnwgmc-word-final-long-o

Ringe 2014:16

ō > ū / _#

Example: PGmc *badwō 'battle' > *badwū > PNWGmc *badu

pnwgmc-final-high-vowel-shortening

Ringe 2014:14, Ringe 2014:16

[+syllabic,+high] > [-long] / _# if sound is non-stressed

Example: PGmc *bandī 'fetter' > PNWGmc *bandi

pnwgmc-w-before-u

Ringe 2014:16

w > ∅ / C_u if previous sound is not 'w' and next sound is non-stressed

Example: PGmc *badwō 'battle' > *badwu > PNWGmc *badu

pnwgmc-a-before-m

Ringe 2014:17

a > u / _m if sound is non-stressed

Example: PGmc *dagamaz 'day.DAT.PL' > PNWGmc *dagumaz

pnwgmc-er

Ringe 2014:18

e > a / _r if sound is non-stressed

Example: PGmc *fader- 'father' > *fadar > OE fæder

pnwgmc-weak-verb-alternation

Ringe 2014:161

word is V and word ends with 'ōn':

change ending to 'ōjan'

word is V and word ends with 'ēn':

change ending to 'ējan'

otherwise:

no change

Example: PGmc *liznōn- 'to learn' > *liznōjan > OE leornian

pwgmc-unstressed-ai

Ringe 2014:25

ai > ē if sound is non-stressed

Example: PGmc *dagai 'day.DAT' > PWGmc *dagē

pwgmc-stressed-u

Ringe 2014:27, Hogg 2011:3.10

u > o if sound is stressed non-diphthong and number of syllables is not 1 and next vowel is not close and next consonant is not nasal and next vocalic is not 'j'

Example: PGmc *hurną 'horn' > *horną > PWGmc *horn

pwgmc-zw-dw

Ringe 2014:41

{z|d} > w / V_wV

Example: PGmc *fedwōr 'four' > *fewwōr > PWGmc *feuwar

pwgmc-final-z

Ringe 2014:43, Hogg 2011:3.31

z > ∅ / _# if previous vowel is non-stressed

Example: PNWGmc *dagumaz 'day.DAT.PL' > *daguma > OE dagum

pwgmc-final-a

Ringe 2014:44, Hogg 2011:3.28

{a|ą} > ∅ / _# if sound is non-stressed

Example: PGmc *hawwaną 'chop' > *hawwan > PWGmc *hauwan

pwgmc-labiovelars

Ringe 2014:48

kʷ > kw

pwgmc-final-j-w

Ringe 2014:46

j > i / C_# if previous sound is not 'j'

Example: PGmc *harjaz 'army' > *harj > PWGmc *hari

pwgmc-gemination-by-j

Ringe 2014:50, Hogg 2011:4.11

β > bb / _j if previous sound is non-diphthong short vowel

pwgmc-word-final-high-nasals

Ringe 2014:55

{į|ų} > {i|u} / _#

Example: PGmc *gumanų 'human.ACC' > *gumanu > PWGmc *guman

pwgmc-word-final-i-u

Ringe 2014:55, Hogg 2011:3.29

{i|u} > ∅ / _# if sound is not diphthong and number of syllables is at least 3 and not (previous sound is consonant and (second previous sound is 'i' or second previous sound is 'u'))

Example: PGmc *gumanų 'human.ACC' > *gumanu > PWGmc *guman

pwgmc-long-o

Ringe 2014:58

{ō|ǭ} > ā / _(r)# if sound is non-stressed

Example: PGmc *fedwōr 'four' > *fewwōr > *fewwār > PWGmc *feuwar

pwgmc-shorten-before-final-r

Ringe 2014:60

V > [-long] / _r# if sound is non-stressed

Example: PGmc *fedwōr 'four' > *fewwār > *fewwar > PWGmc *feuwar

pwgmc-unstressed-diphthongs

Ringe 2014:60, Hogg 2011:3.33

au > ō if sound is non-stressed

Example: PGmc *sunauz 'son.GEN' > *sunau > PWGmc *sunō

pwgmc-w-after-stressed-vowel-before-u

Ringe 2014:61, Hogg 2011:3.19 (1)

w > ∅ / V_u if previous sound is stressed

Example: PNWGmc *þrawu 'emotional pain' > PWGmc *þrau

pwgmc-stressed-final-vowels

Ringe 2014:65

V > [+long] / _# if sound is stressed non-diphthong

Example: PGmc *nu 'now' > PWGmc *nū

pwgmc-jj-ww

Ringe 2014:65

uww > ūw / _!j

post-pwgmc-intervocalic-z

Ringe 2014:82

z > r / {V|j}_{V|j}

Example: PWGmc *hauzijan 'to hear' > *haurijan > OE hīeran

post-pwgmc-monosyllabic-z

Ringe 2014:86

aiz > ā / C_ if number of syllables is 1

post-pwgmc-remaining-z

Ringe 2014:87

z > r

Example: PGmc *liznōn- 'to learn' > *liznōjan > *lirnōjan > OE leornian

north-pwgmc-nasals-before-fricatives

Ringe 2014:139 (5.1.2), Hogg 2011:3.14

[+syllabic,+low][-syllabic,nasal] > [+long,nasal] / _[-sonorant,+continuant] if sound is stressed

Example: PGmc *nanþijaną 'to be bold' > *nanþijan > *ną̄þijan > OE nēþan

north-pwgmc-e-before-m

Ringe 2014:141

e > i / _m

Example: PWGmc *neman 'take' > *niman > OE **nioman

north-pwgmc-nasalization

Ringe 2014:142 (5.1.2), Hogg 2011:5.3

{a|ā} > {ą|ą̄} / _[-syllabic,nasal] if sound is stressed

Example: PWGmc *þannjan 'to extend' > *þąnnjan > OE þennan

north-pwgmc-nasalized-rounding-short (dispreferred)

Ringe 2014:145

ą > o if sound is stressed

Example: PGmc *ana 'on' > *ąn > OE on

oe-hiatus

Thorhallsdottir 1993:127

∅ > w / [+syllabic,+long]_V if sound is non-diphthong

Example: PGmc *blēan- 'blow' > *blāan > OE blāwan

pre-oe-a-fronting

Ringe 2014:146, Hogg 2011:5.10

{a|ā} > {æ|ǣ} / _{!w|wi} if sound is stressed non-diphthong

Example: PWGmc *slahan 'to strike' > *slæhan > OE slēan

pre-oe-long-o-unrounding

Ringe 2014:154

ō > ā if sound is non-stressed and syllable is last

Example: PWGmc *ahtō 'eight' > *æhtō > *æhtā > OE eahta

pre-oe-lth

Ringe 2014:156

þ > d / l_!#

Example: PWGmc *falþan 'to roll up, to fold' > *fælþan > *fældan > OE fealdan

pre-oe-ij-syncope

Ringe 2014:156

i > ∅ / C_jV

Example: PGmc *gaumijaną 'to observe' > *gaumijan > *gaumjan > OE ġīeman

pre-oe-h-before-two-nonsyllabics

Ringe 2014:157

h > ∅ / _sC if second next sound is not 'l' and second next sound is not 'n'

Example: PGmc *neuhsjan- 'search out' > *neusjan > OE nēosan

oe-awwj

Ringe 2014:173

ww > u / a_j

Example: PWGmc *awwju 'island' > *auju > OE īeġ

oe-diphthong-tensing

Ringe 2014:170, Hogg 2011:5.41

ai > ā

oe-breaking-before-h

Ringe 2014:176, Hogg 2011:5.16

æ > ea / _h

Example: PWGmc *slahan 'to strike' > *slæhan > *sleahan > OE slēan

oe-breaking-before-rc-lc

Ringe 2014:180, Hogg 2011:5.16

æ > ea / _{r|l}C if second next sound is not 'j' and (next sound is non-geminate or third next sound is not 'j')

oe-breaking-before-w

Ringe 2014:187, Hogg 2011:5.16

{e|i} > {eo|io} / _w!i if sound is stressed

Example: PGmc *trewą 'tree, wood' > *trew > OE **treow

oe-hs

Ringe 2014:188, Hogg 2011:7.6

h > k / _s

Example: PWGmc *ahslu 'shoulder-joint' > *eahslu > *eakslu > OE eaxl

oe-ae-retraction

Ringe 2014:189 (6.3.1), Hogg 2011:5.35

æ > a / _C[+back]

Example: PGmc *þrabōn- 'trot' > *þræβōjan > *þraβōjan > OE þrafian

oe-long-ae-retraction

Ringe 2014:199 (6.3.3), Hogg 2011:5.39

ǣ > ā / _C[+back] if next sound is not coronal obstruent

Example: PGmc *bērō- 'bier' > *bǣru > *bāru > OE bār

oe-palatalization

Ringe 2014:203, Hogg 2011:7.16

{k|g} > {ċ|ġ} / #_[-back]

oe-w-after-non-initial-velars

Ringe 2014:214

w > ∅ / [dorsal]_ if previous sound is non-word-initial

Example: PWGmc *singwan 'to sing' > OE singan

oe-palatal-diphtongization

Ringe 2014:215

{æ|ǣ} > {ea|ēa} / {ċ|ġ}_ if sound is stressed

oe-i-umlaut

Ringe 2014:222

{u|ū|o|ō|æ|ā} > {y|ȳ|e|ē|e|ǣ} if sound is stressed non-diphthong and next vocalic is close front

Example: PGmc *hungrijaną 'to be hungry' > *hungrjan > *hyngrjan > OE hyngran

oe-i-umlaut-nasalized

Ringe 2014:228

{ą|ą̄} > {æ|ē} if sound is stressed non-diphthong and next vocalic is close front

Example: PWGmc *þannjan 'to extend' > *þąnnjan > *þænnjan > OE þennan

north-pwgmc-denasalization

ą > a

oe-r-metathesis (dispreferred)

Ringe 2014:340

rVC > Vr if next sound is short vowel and second next sound is geminate consonant

Example: PGmc *brannjan- 'make burn' > *brænnjan > *bærnjan > OE bærnan

oe-ae-raising

Ringe 2013:229

æ > e / _[nasal,-syllabic]

Example: PWGmc *þannjan 'to extend' > *þænnjan > *þennjan > OE þennan

oe-diphthong-i-umlaut

Ringe 2014:240

{ea|ēa|io|īo} > {ie|īe|ie|īe} if second next vocalic is close front

Example: PGmc *gaumijaną 'to observe' > *ġēamjan > *ġīemjan > OE ġīeman

oe-oj-i

Ringe 2014:227

ōj > i if sound is not stressed

Example: PGmc *liznōn- 'to learn' > *liornōjan > *liornian > OE leornian

oe-w-before-unstressed-i

Ringe 2014:258

w > ∅ / !#_{i|ī} if next sound is non-stressed

Example: PGmc *saiwiz 'sea' > *sǣwi > *sǣi > OE sǣ

oe-short-vowel-syncope

Ringe 2014:264, Hogg 2011:6.13

{æ|e|o} > ∅ if sound is non-stressed non-diphthong and syllable is open and syllable is not last and previous vowel is stressed

= apply sound rule 'oe-depalatalize-before-consonant' to previous sound

oe-i-syncope-near-l

Ringe 2014:275

i > ∅ / l_C if syllable is open and syllable is not last and sound is non-stressed

Example: PGmc *alinō 'forearm' > *elinu > *elnu > OE eln

oe-postconsonantal-j

Ringe 2014:279

j > ∅ / C_ if previous vowel is long or previous vowel is diphthong or second previous sound is consonant

Example: PGmc *gaumijaną 'to observe' > *ġīemjan > OE ġīeman

oe-j-g

Ringe 2014:204

j > ġ

Example: PWGmc *hazjan 'to praise' > *herjan > *herġan > OE herian

oe-degemination-before-consonant

Ringe 2014:281

C > ∅ / _CC if sound is geminate

Example: PGmc *barzda- 'edge, brim; beard' > *bearrd > OE beard

oe-voicing-assimilation

Ringe 2014:280

d > t if next sound is voiceless obstruent or previous sound is voiceless obstruent

oe-shortening-before-consonants

Ringe 2014:281

[+syllabic] > [-long] / _CCC

Example: pre-OE *gōdspell 'gospel' > OE godspell

oe-apocope

Ringe 2014:284 (6.8.1)

{i|u} > ∅ / _# if previous syllable is closed or previous vowel is long or (previous vowel is diphthong and second previous vowel is long)

Example: PWGmc *kinnu 'jaw' > *ċinnu > OE ċinn

oe-bilabial-fricative-devoicing

Ringe 2014:297

β > f

Example: PWGmc *kerban 'to carve, to cut' > *ċeorβan > OE ċeorfan

oe-shortening-unstressed

Ringe 2014:298 (6.8.3), Hogg 2011:6.27

V > [-long] if sound is non-stressed

Example: PGmc *hīgēn- 'pant(?)' > *hīġēġan > *hīġeġan > OE hīġian

oe-ej

Ringe 2014:228

eġ > i if sound is non-stressed non-diphthong

Example: PGmc *hīgēn- 'pant(?)' > *hīġeġan > OE hīġian

oe-h-voiced-consonants

Ringe 2014:305

VVh > [+long]V / _{l|r} if sound is diphthong

oe-intervocalic-h

Ringe 2014:314 (6.9.3), Hogg 2011:7.45

VVh[+syllabic] > [+long]V if sound is diphthong

Example: PWGmc *slahan 'to strike' > *sleahan > OE slēan

oe-back-umlaut

Ringe 2014:319 (6.9.4)

i > io / _{l|r|[bilabial]}{u|a} if sound is not diphthong

oe-epenthesis (optional)

Ringe 2014:327 (6.9.5)

∅ > e / C_r# if previous vowel is front

oe-unstressed-vowel-merger

Ringe 2014:332 (6.9.6), Hogg 2011:6.46

æ > i / _{ġ|ċ} if sound is non-stressed and (syllable is last or syllable is first)

oe-unstressed-vowel-u (optional)

Campbell 1962:155

u > o if sound is non-stressed non-diphthong

Example: PNWGmc *eburaz 'wild boar' > *eofur > OE eofor

oe-io-eo-merger

Ringe 2014:338, Hogg 2011:5.155

i > e / _o

oe-g-i (optional)

Hogg 2011:2.76

ġ > i / C_ if previous sound is not 'ċ' and previous sound is not 'n' and next sound is not 'n'

Example: PWGmc *hazjan 'to praise' > *herġan > OE herian