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Proto-Northwest Germanic
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Historical Phonology
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a
b
d
e
f
g
h
hʷ
j
k
kʷ
l
m
n
r
s
t
u
w
þ
a
*albiz
- elf
*aldijaną
- to make old
*argaz
- cowardly, effeminate
*auraz
- earth
*awalaz
- hook, fork
*awju
- island
b
*badu
- battle
*bandi
- fetter
*bankiz
- bench
*bargijaną
- to taste
*baugijaną
- to bend
*baunu
- bean
*blīþisi
- happiness
*bregdaną
- to brandish
*breustą
- breast
*bruþą
- broth
*bugô
- bow
*bōniz
- prayer, request
d
*diurijaz
- valuable
*dunjaną
- to make a loud noise
*dādiz
- deed
*dūbijaną
- to dip, to immerse
e
*eburaz
- wild boar
*erlaz
- nobleman
f
*faikną
- hostility, evil
*fallaną
- to fall
*fangiz
- grasp, booty
*fardiz
- journey
*fatilaz
- strap
*fatą
- container
*feþru
- feather
*flahaną
- to skin
*flikkiją
- side of bacon
*framjaną
- to further
*fulką
- troop, tribe
*funsijaną
- to make ready to go
*fātijana
- to adorn
g
*galdraz
- incantation
*gamarkiją
- mark
*garną
- yarn
*garwijaną
- to prepare
*gaukaz
- cuckoo
*gebu
- gift
*glāmaz
- faint light
*grādagaz
- hungry, greedy
h
*habukaz
- hawk
*hadinaz
- hooded jacket
*hailagaz
- holy
*hallu
- hall
*halþijaną
- to tilt, to incline
*haswaz
- gray
*herdu
- herd
*hertǭ
- heart
*herutaz
- stag
*hlahtraz
- laughter
*hnaigijaną
- to lower, to cause to bow
*hrappijaną
- to grasp
*hrussą
- horse
*hulmaz
- island
*hunagą
- honey
hʷ
*hʷarbijaną
- to turn, to change
j
*jārą
- year
k
*kanipaz
- moustache
*keulaz
- keel, ship
*klawiþô
- itch
*krabbô
- crab
*kumlą
- sign
*kussidē
- (s)he kissed
*kussijaną
- to kiss
kʷ
*kʷāniz
- woman, wife
l
*laguz
- water, the sea
*langizô
- longer
*laugiz
- flame
*legrą
- bed, lair
*leuhmô
- light
*libru
- liver
*lākinôna
- to heal
*lātaną
- to let go, to allow
*lībą
- life
m
*magô
- stomach
*marhi
- mare
*marku
- boundary
*mirkʷaz
- dark
*māgaz
- kinsman
*mākijaz
- sword
*mālą
- (a) time
*mānô
- moon
*mārijaz
- famous
*māriþu
- fame, reputation
n
*nabulô
- navel
*nakʷô
- ship
*nautą
- bovine, ox
*nāhʷ-
- near
r
*raidu
- act of raiding
*rakkô
- sailyard ring
*raukijaną
- to cause smoke, to smoke (meat etc.)
*razdu
- voice
*rādaną
- to consider, to advise
*rūmijaną
- to make room, to clear out
s
*sadulaz
- saddle
*sanþijaną
- to declare true
*seglą
- sail
*selhaz
- seal
*siglijaną
- to sail
*sigliją
- jewelry
*skardaz
- damaged, notched
*skarpaz
- rough
*skaubą
- sheaf
*skaþô
- samage, destruction
*skeraną
- to cut, to shear
*skeutaną
- to shoot
*skrūda
- gear, outfit
*slāpaną
- sleep
*smirwijaną
- to smear, to anoint
*snūtijaną
- to blow one's nose
*spiką
- hard fat
*spānuz
- wood-chip, shaving
*stapulaz
- post, pillar
*staþulaz
n.
- act of standing; standing thing
*stinþaz
- stiff
*stiurijaną
- to steer, to direct
*strangiz
- string
*stukkiją
- piece
*swāraz
- heavy
*swāsaz
- one's own
*swōgiz
- sound
*sīką
- watercourse
*sūliz
- pillar
t
*taihōn-
- toe
*taljaną
- to count, to narrate
*tungǭ
- tongue
u
*unlādaz
- poor
*unþiz
- wave
*upanaz
- open
w
*wahsaną
- to grow
*winiz
- friend
*wundrą
- marvel, wonder
*wunskijaną
- to wish
*wāgaz
- wave
*wānijaną
- to expect, to hope
*wāniz
- hope, expectation
*wāpną
- weapon
*wītiją
- punishment
þ
*þakkjan
- to cover
*þangilaz
- prince
*þegnaz
- retainer, follower
*þrawu
- emotional pain
*þrūþiz
- power
*þunraz
- thunder