Tolkien's Languages

Indo-European

Albanian

Number

Singular

Dual

Plural

Person

Case

Nomiinative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

Gender

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Tense

Present

Imperfect

Aorist

Perfect

Mood

Indicative

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Ancient Greek

Noun

Proper Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

Preposition

Conjunction

Pronoun

Affix

Armenian

Avestan

Breton

First person

Second person

Third person

Gothic

Strong verb class

first

second

third

fourth

fifth

sixth

seventh

Weak verb class

weak-first

weak-second

weak-third

Common

Nominative

Locative

Allative

Ergative

Ablative

Instrumental

Past

Voice

Active

Medio-passive

Non-finite form

Participle

Supine

Infinitive I

Infinitive II

Verbal Noun

Hittite

Clitic

clitic

Conjugation

ttari

āri

Latin

Lithuanian

Preterite

Lycian

Middle Welsh

Modern Welsh

Old Church Slavonic

Non-finite verb form

Inflected infinitive

Comparison degree

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Strength

Strong

Weak

Old English

Proper noun

Preverb

Numeral

masculine

feminine

neuter

Stem class

a-stem

o-stem

n-stem

i-stem

s-stem

Verb type

strong

weak

preterite-present

Weak preterite suffix

-ed-

-od-

Old Frisian

Interjection

Noun gender

Noun class

Verb class

v-II

v-III

v-IV

v-VI

v-VII

Old High German

Old Irish

Middle

Deverbal form

Past participle

Infinitive

Comparative degree

Definite State

Definite

Old Norse

Declension type

Strong Type 2

Preterite Present

1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

4th Conjugation

v-strong-1

v-strong-2

v-strong-3

v-strong-4

v-strong-5

v-strong-6

v-strong-7

Genitive type

Stem type

-ijo-

-nd-

-ð-

Comparative formation

adj-comp-ri

Old Saxon

Proto-Anatolian

Proto-Balto-Slavic

Proto-Celtic

Vocative

Proto-Germanic

v-strong

v-weak

Injunctive

Proto-Indo-European

Accent-ablaut paradigm

Hysterokinetic

Proterokinetic

Acrostatic

Amphikinetic

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Proto-Italic

Proto-Northwest Germanic

Proto-Tocharian

Proto-West Germanic

Sanskrit

Oblique

Perlative

Comitative

Causal

Verbal noun

Tocharian B

Proper Name

Umbrian

oe-gen

-s{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-es{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-an

oe-acc

-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-n/-an

oe-dat

-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-an

oe-nom-pl

-g-as{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-g-u{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ru/-an

oe-acc-pl

oe-gen-pl

-g-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ena/-ra

oe-dat-pl

-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-umæ > a/-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-um/-rum

oe-adj-strong-nom-pl-m

oe-restoration-of-a

oe-participle

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
ištamašš-	ištamašzi	listen	ištamašš- > ištamaššzi	ištamaššzi
ūp-	ūpzi	go up	ūp- > ūpzi
mauš-	māušzi	fall	mauš- > maušzi	maušzi
ēpp-	ēpzi	seize	ēpp- > ēppzi	ēppzi
ḫark-	ḫarkzi	perish	ḫark- > ḫarkzi
ḫar-	ḫarzi	have	ḫar- > ḫarzi
dammešḫae-	dammišḫaezzi	damage	dammešḫae- > dammešḫaezi	dammešḫaezi
tepau̯ēšš-	tepau̯ēšzi	become smaller	tepau̯ēšš- > tepau̯ēššzi	tepau̯ēššzi
damāšš-	damāšzi	oppress	damāšš- > damāššzi	damāššzi
āšš-	āšzi	belong	āšš- > āššzi	āššzi
pai-	paizzi	go	pai- > paizi	paizi
uu̯e-	u̯ezzi	come	uu̯e- > uu̯ezi	uu̯ezi
eš-	ešzi	be	eš- > ešzi
kappue-	kappuezzi	take care of	kappue- > kappuezi	kappuezi

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
āk-	aki	die	āk- > āki	āki
ḫatk-	ḫatki	close	ḫatk- > ḫatki
išpant-	išpanti	libate	išpant- > išpanti
ištāp-	ištāpi	close	ištāp- > ištāpi
SIG₅-ešš	SIG₅-eš-zi	become good	SIG5-ešš > SIG5-ešši	SIG5-ešši
ar-	ari	arrive	ar- > ari
ḫalzai-	ḫalzāi	call	ḫalzai- > ḫalzaii	ḫalzaii
tarna-	tarnai	let	tarna- > tarnai
pai-	pāi	give	pai- > paii	paii

Etymograph > Indo-European > Hittite > Morphology > hitt-3sg

Examples

Examples