Tolkien's Languages

Indo-European

Albanian

Number

Singular

Dual

Plural

Person

Case

Nomiinative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

Gender

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Tense

Present

Imperfect

Aorist

Perfect

Mood

Indicative

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Ancient Greek

Noun

Proper Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

Preposition

Conjunction

Pronoun

Affix

Armenian

Avestan

Breton

First person

Second person

Third person

Gothic

Strong verb class

first

second

third

fourth

fifth

sixth

seventh

Weak verb class

weak-first

weak-second

weak-third

Common

Nominative

Locative

Allative

Ergative

Ablative

Instrumental

Past

Voice

Active

Medio-passive

Non-finite form

Participle

Supine

Infinitive I

Infinitive II

Verbal Noun

Hittite

Clitic

clitic

Conjugation

ttari

āri

Latin

Lithuanian

Preterite

Lycian

Middle Welsh

Modern Welsh

Old Church Slavonic

Non-finite verb form

Inflected infinitive

Comparison degree

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Strength

Strong

Weak

Old English

Proper noun

Preverb

Numeral

masculine

feminine

neuter

Stem class

a-stem

o-stem

n-stem

i-stem

s-stem

Verb type

strong

weak

preterite-present

Weak preterite suffix

-ed-

-od-

Old Frisian

Interjection

Noun gender

Noun class

Verb class

v-II

v-III

v-IV

v-VI

v-VII

Old High German

Old Irish

Middle

Deverbal form

Past participle

Infinitive

Comparative degree

Definite State

Definite

Old Norse

Declension type

Strong Type 2

Preterite Present

1st Conjugation

2nd Conjugation

3rd Conjugation

4th Conjugation

v-strong-1

v-strong-2

v-strong-3

v-strong-4

v-strong-5

v-strong-6

v-strong-7

Genitive type

Stem type

-ijo-

-nd-

-ð-

Comparative formation

adj-comp-ri

Old Saxon

Proto-Anatolian

Proto-Balto-Slavic

Proto-Celtic

Vocative

Proto-Germanic

v-strong

v-weak

Injunctive

Proto-Indo-European

Accent-ablaut paradigm

Hysterokinetic

Proterokinetic

Acrostatic

Amphikinetic

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Proto-Italic

Proto-Northwest Germanic

Proto-Tocharian

Proto-West Germanic

Sanskrit

Oblique

Perlative

Comitative

Causal

Verbal noun

Tocharian B

Proper Name

Umbrian

oe-gen

-s{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-es{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-an

oe-acc

-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-n/-an

oe-dat

-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-an

oe-nom-pl

-g-as{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-g-u{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ru/-an

oe-acc-pl

oe-gen-pl

-g-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ena/-ra

oe-dat-pl

-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-umæ > a/-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-um/-rum

oe-adj-strong-nom-pl-m

oe-restoration-of-a

oe-participle

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
*u̯eǵʰ-	*h₁éu̯ēǵʰsm̥	carry	u̯eǵʰ- > u̯ēǵʰs > h₁eu̯ēǵʰs > h₁éu̯ēǵʰsm̥
*gʷem-	*h₁egʷemt	go	gʷem- > gʷemt > h₁egʷemt
*steh₂-	*h₁esteh₂m̥	stand up	steh₂- > steh₂ > h₁esteh₂ > h₁esteh₂m̥
*u̯eid-	*h₁eu̯idem	see	u̯eid- > u̯ide > h₁eu̯ide > h₁eu̯idem
*u̯ekʷ-	*h₁eu̯eu̯kʷet	speak	u̯ekʷ- > ueukʷe- > h₁eueukʷe > h₁éueukʷet	h₁éueukʷet
*teng-	*h₁etēngsm̥	make wet	teng- > tēngs > h₁etēngs > h₁etēngsm̥

Etymograph > Indo-European > Proto-Indo-European > Morphology > pie-augment

Examples