From Proto-Germanic to Proto-Northwest Germanic

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PGmc *bandī	*bandi	fetter	bandī > bandi
PGmc *gebō	*gebu	gift	gebō > geβū > gebu
PGmc *badwō	*badu	battle	badwō > badwū > badwu > badu
PGmc *herdō	PWGmc *herdu	herd	herdō > herdū > herdu
PGmc *alinō	OE eln	forearm	alinō > alinū > alinu > eln
PGmc *saliþwō	PWGmc *saliþu	dwelling	saliþwō > saliþwū > saliþwu > saliþu
PGmc *markō	*marku	boundary	markō > markū > marku
PGmc *mizdō	PWGmc *mizdu	reward	mizdō > mizdū > mizdu
PGmc *strēlō	PWGmc *strālu	arrow	strēlō > strālū > strālu
PGmc *baunō-	OE bēan	bean	baunō- > baunū > baunu > bēan
PGmc *taihʷō-	OE tā	toe	taihʷō- > taihʷū > taihʷu > tāh	tāh
PGmc *blīþisī	*blīþisi	happiness	blīþisī > blīþisi
PGmc *grasō	*grasu	grass.nom.pl	grasō > grasū > grasu
PGmc *surgō	OE sorg	worry, sorrow	surgō > surgū > surgu > surg	surg
PGmc *haljō	PWGmc *hallju	hell	haljō > haljū > halju > hallju
PGmc *awjō	*awju	island	awjō > awjū > awju
PGmc *snuzō	PWGmc *snuzu	daughter in law	snuzō > snuzū > snuzu
PGmc *gunþī-	OE gūþ	battle	gunþī- > gunþi > gȳþ	gȳþ
PGmc *unþī-	OE ȳþ	wave	unþī- > unþi > ȳþ
PGmc *hansō	OE hōs	company, crowd	hansō > hansū > hansu > hōs
PGmc *ahʷō	OE ēa	river	ahʷō > ahʷū > ahʷu > ēa
PGmc *herdō	*herdu	herd	herdō > herdū > herdu
PGmc *skamō-	OE sċamu	shame	skamō- > skamū > skamu > sċamu
PGmc *sprēkō-	OE sprǣċ	speech	sprēkō- > sprākū > sprāku > sprāc	sprāc
PGmc *swegrō	PWGmc *swegru	mother-in-law	swegrō > swegrū > swegru
PGmc *agjō	PWGmc *aggju	edge	agjō > agjū > agju > aggju
PGmc *brujjō-	OE bryċġ	bridge	brujjō- > brujjū > brujju > bryiġ	bryiġ
PGmc *banjō	OE benn	wound	banjō > banjū > banju > benn
PGmc *haiþī	OE hǣþ	open country	haiþī > haiþi > hǣþ
PGmc *hauhiþō	OE hīehþ	height	hauhiþō > hauhiþū > hauhiþu > hīehþ
PGmc *razdō	*razdu	voice	razdō > razdū > razdu
PGmc *feþrō	*feþru	feather	feþrō > feþrū > feþru
PGmc *ubiswō	PWGmc *ubisu	hall	ubiswō > uβiswū > uβiswu > ubisu
PGmc *firinō	PWGmc *firinu	crime	firinō > firinū > firinu
PGmc *luginō-	OE lyġen	lie, falsehood	luginō- > luginū > luginu > lyġen
PGmc *mēriþō	*māriþu	fame, reputation	mēriþō > māriþū > māriþu
PGmc *salbō	PWGmc *salbu	ointment, salve	salbō > salβū > salbu
PGmc *laibō	PWGmc *laibu	what is left, remainder	laibō > laiβū > laibu
PGmc *lausungō	OE lēasung	releasing, liberation; removal	lausungō > lausungū > lausungu > lēasung
PGmc *uftō	OE oft	oft; often; frequently	uftō > uftū > uftu > uft	uft
PGmc *saiwalō	OE sāwl	soul	saiwalō > saiwalū > saiwalu > sāwel	sāwel
PGmc *librō-	OE lifer	liver	librō- > liβrū > liβru > lifer
PGmc *ahslō	PWGmc *ahslu	shoulder-joint, shoulder, armpit	ahslō > ahslū > ahslu
PGmc *aganō-	OE ægnan	chaff, awns	aganō- > aganū > aganu > agan	agan
PGmc *ahsō-	OE eax	axle	ahsō- > ahsū > ahsu > eax
PGmc *akʷesī-	OE æx	axe	akʷesī- > akʷesi > æces	æces
PGmc *airō-	OE ār	oar	airō- > airū > airu > ār
PGmc *amaitjō-	OE æmette	ant	amaitjō- > amaitjū > amaitju > amet	amet
PGmc *arhʷō-	OE earh	arrow	arhʷō- > arhʷū > arhʷu > earh
PGmc *ahtō-	OE eaht	consideration, attention	ahtō- > ahtū > ahtu > eaht
PGmc *aizō-	OE ār	respect, benevolence	aizō- > aizū > aizu > ār
PGmc *aldō-	OE aldaht	hollow (of a tree)	aldō- > aldū > aldu > eald	eald
PGmc *artō-	OE earte	wagtail?	artō- > artū > artu > eart	eart
PGmc *aspō-	OE æsp	aspen	aspō- > aspū > aspu > asp	asp
PGmc *badwō	OE beado	battle	badwō > badwū > badwu > bado	bado
PGmc *banjō	OE benu	wound	banjō > banjū > banju > benn	benn
PGmc *berkō-	OE beorc	birch-tree	berkō- > berkū > berku > beorc
PGmc *bērō-	OE bār	bier	bērō- > bārū > bāru > bār
PGmc *bōkō-	OE bōc	beech	bōkō- > bōkū > bōku > bōc
PGmc *bōtō-	OE bōt	improvement	bōtō- > bōtū > bōtu > bōt
PGmc *delō-	OE delu	nipple	delō- > delū > delu > deolu	deolu
PGmc *draibō-	OE drāf	driving, drift	draibō- > draiβū > draiβu > drāf
PGmc *ēlō-	OE ǣl	awl	ēlō- > ālū > ālu > āl	āl
PGmc *ēþrō-	OE ǣdre	vein, rivulet	ēþrō- > āþrū > āþru > ǣþer	ǣþer
PGmc *felgō-	OE fealg	rim of a wheel	felgō- > felgū > felgu > felg	felg
PGmc *fersnō-	OE fiersn	heel	fersnō- > fersnū > fersnu > feorsn	feorsn
PGmc *flauhō-	OE flēah	flea	flauhō- > flauhū > flauhu > flēah
PGmc *flōhō-	OE flōh	layer	flōhō- > flōhū > flōhu > flōh
PGmc *fuldō-	OE folde	earth, ground, field, the world	fuldō- > fuldū > fuldu > fuld	fuld
PGmc *furhnō-	OE forn	trout	furhnō- > furhnū > furhnu > furn	furn
PGmc *granō-	OE granu	hair of the beard	granō- > granū > granu > granu
PGmc *habanō-	OE hæfen	harbor	habanō- > haβanū > haβanu > hafan	hafan
PGmc *hainō-	OE hān	whetstone	hainō- > hainū > hainu > hān
PGmc *haljō	OE hel	hell	haljō > haljū > halju > hell	hell
PGmc *hamō-	OE ham	shank	hamō- > hamū > hamu > hamu	hamu
PGmc *hindō-	OE hind	hind	hindō- > hindū > hindu > hind
PGmc *hinnō-	OE hion	thin skin, membrane	hinnō- > hinnū > hinnu > hinn	hinn
PGmc *hrungō-	OE hrung	rung	hrungō- > hrungū > hrungu > hrung
PGmc *hʷerhʷetjō-	OE hwerhwette	gourd(?)	hʷerhʷetjō- > hʷerhʷetjū > hʷerhʷetju > hwēorett	hwēorett
PGmc *hʷīlō-	OE hwīl	while	hʷīlō- > hʷīlū > hʷīlu > hwīl
PGmc *karō-	OE cearu	worry, care	karō- > karū > karu > caro	caro
PGmc *kawō-	OE ċēo	jackdaw	kawō- > kawū > kawu > ċēa	ċēa
PGmc *kēgjō-	OE cǣg	peg, key	kēgjō- > kāgjū > kāgju > ċīeġ	ċīeġ
PGmc *kelurō-	OE ceoler	throat	kelurō- > kelurū > keluru > ċieler	ċieler
PGmc *klawō-	OE clāwu	claw	klawō- > klawū > klawu > clēa	clēa
PGmc *kʷalō-	OE cwalu	torment	kʷalō- > kʷalū > kʷalu > cwalu
PGmc *landjō-	OE lendenu	lower part of the back, kidney, loin	landjō- > landjū > landju > lend	lend
PGmc *lawwō-	OE lim-lǣw	groove	lawwō- > lawwū > lawwu > lēaw	lēaw
PGmc *lindō-	OE lind	lime tree	lindō- > lindū > lindu > lind
PGmc *lundō-	OE lynd	fat	lundō- > lundū > lundu > lund	lund
PGmc *maldjō-	OE melde	saltbush, orache	maldjō- > maldjū > maldju > mield	mield
PGmc *manō-	OE manu	mane, neck	manō- > manū > manu > manu
PGmc *mēslō-	OE masele	growth	mēslō- > māslū > māslu > mǣsl	mǣsl
PGmc *mundō-	OE mund	hand	mundō- > mundū > mundu > mund
PGmc *muwī-	OE myċġe	mosquito	muwī- > muwi > mye	mye
PGmc *nabō-	OE nafu	nave	nabō- > naβū > naβu > nafu
PGmc *nasō-	OE nosu	nose	nasō- > nasū > nasu > nasu	nasu
PGmc *neftī-	OE nift	niece, cousin	neftī- > nefti > neft	neft
PGmc *nēþlō-	OE nǣþl	needle	nēþlō- > nāþlū > nāþlu > nǣþl
PGmc *ōhsnō-	OE ōxn	armpit	ōhsnō- > ōhsnū > ōhsnu > oxen	oxen
PGmc *paidō-	OE pād	coat, shirt	paidō- > paidū > paidu > pād
PGmc *raihō-	OE rāwe	row	raihō- > raihū > raihu > rāh	rāh
PGmc *rastō-	OE ræst	interval	rastō- > rastū > rastu > rast	rast
PGmc *rōō-	OE rōw	calm, rest	rōō- > rōū > rōu > rōw
PGmc *sagō-	OE sagu	saw	sagō- > sagū > sagu > sagu
PGmc *sagō-	OE sagu	recount	sagō- > sagū > sagu > sagu
PGmc *sakō-	OE sacu	case, lawsuit	sakō- > sakū > saku > sacu
PGmc *sebjō-	OE sib	kinship	sebjō- > seβjū > seβju > sebb	sebb
PGmc *senuwō-	OE seonu	sinew	senuwō- > senuwū > senuwu > senow	senow
PGmc *stōō-	OE stōw	place; judgement	stōō- > stōū > stōu > stōw
PGmc *strandō-	OE strand	edge; shore, beach	strandō- > strandū > strandu > strand
PGmc *talō-	OE talu	speech, recount	talō- > talū > talu > talu
PGmc *tangō-	OE tang	tongs	tangō- > tangū > tangu > tang
PGmc *þeudō-	OE þēod	nation, people	þeudō- > þeudū > þeudu > þēod
PGmc *þinhslō-	OE þīxl	drawbar, cart-pole	þinhslō- > þinhslū > þinhslu > þēoxl	þēoxl
PGmc *þrawō-	OE þrēa	longing, suffering	þrawō- > þrawū > þrawu > þrēa
PGmc *þūshundī-	OE þūsend	thousand	þūshundī- > þūshundi > þūshond	þūshond
PGmc *wambō-	OE wamb	womb, belly	wambō- > wambū > wambu > wamb
PGmc *wullō-	OE wull	wool	wullō- > wullū > wullu > wull
PGmc *anhulō-	OE ōl	strap	anhulō- > anhulū > anhulu > ōl

Sequences

pgmc-to-pnwgmc: previous pnwgmc-word-final-long-o, next pnwgmc-w-before-u
pgmc-to-pwgmc: previous pnwgmc-word-final-long-o, next pnwgmc-w-before-u
pgmc-to-oe: previous pnwgmc-word-final-long-o, next pnwgmc-w-before-u