From Proto-Germanic to Proto-Northwest Germanic
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PGmc *bandī | *bandi | fetter | bandī > bandi | |
| PGmc *gebō | *gebu | gift | gebō > geβū > gebu | |
| PGmc *badwō | *badu | battle | badwō > badwū > badwu > badu | |
| PGmc *herdō | PWGmc *herdu | herd | herdō > herdū > herdu | |
| PGmc *alinō | OE eln | forearm | alinō > alinū > alinu > eln | |
| PGmc *saliþwō | PWGmc *saliþu | dwelling | saliþwō > saliþwū > saliþwu > saliþu | |
| PGmc *markō | *marku | boundary | markō > markū > marku | |
| PGmc *mizdō | PWGmc *mizdu | reward | mizdō > mizdū > mizdu | |
| PGmc *strēlō | PWGmc *strālu | arrow | strēlō > strālū > strālu | |
| PGmc *baunō- | OE bēan | bean | baunō- > baunū > baunu > bēan | |
| PGmc *taihʷō- | OE tā | toe | taihʷō- > taihʷū > taihʷu > tāh | tāh |
| PGmc *blīþisī | *blīþisi | happiness | blīþisī > blīþisi | |
| PGmc *grasō | *grasu | grass.nom.pl | grasō > grasū > grasu | |
| PGmc *surgō | OE sorg | worry, sorrow | surgō > surgū > surgu > surg | surg |
| PGmc *haljō | PWGmc *hallju | hell | haljō > haljū > halju > hallju | |
| PGmc *awjō | *awju | island | awjō > awjū > awju | |
| PGmc *snuzō | PWGmc *snuzu | daughter in law | snuzō > snuzū > snuzu | |
| PGmc *gunþī- | OE gūþ | battle | gunþī- > gunþi > gȳþ | gȳþ |
| PGmc *unþī- | OE ȳþ | wave | unþī- > unþi > ȳþ | |
| PGmc *hansō | OE hōs | company, crowd | hansō > hansū > hansu > hōs | |
| PGmc *ahʷō | OE ēa | river | ahʷō > ahʷū > ahʷu > ēa | |
| PGmc *herdō | *herdu | herd | herdō > herdū > herdu | |
| PGmc *skamō- | OE sċamu | shame | skamō- > skamū > skamu > sċamu | |
| PGmc *sprēkō- | OE sprǣċ | speech | sprēkō- > sprākū > sprāku > sprāc | sprāc |
| PGmc *swegrō | PWGmc *swegru | mother-in-law | swegrō > swegrū > swegru | |
| PGmc *agjō | PWGmc *aggju | edge | agjō > agjū > agju > aggju | |
| PGmc *brujjō- | OE bryċġ | bridge | brujjō- > brujjū > brujju > bryiġ | bryiġ |
| PGmc *banjō | OE benn | wound | banjō > banjū > banju > benn | |
| PGmc *haiþī | OE hǣþ | open country | haiþī > haiþi > hǣþ | |
| PGmc *hauhiþō | OE hīehþ | height | hauhiþō > hauhiþū > hauhiþu > hīehþ | |
| PGmc *razdō | *razdu | voice | razdō > razdū > razdu | |
| PGmc *feþrō | *feþru | feather | feþrō > feþrū > feþru | |
| PGmc *ubiswō | PWGmc *ubisu | hall | ubiswō > uβiswū > uβiswu > ubisu | |
| PGmc *firinō | PWGmc *firinu | crime | firinō > firinū > firinu | |
| PGmc *luginō- | OE lyġen | lie, falsehood | luginō- > luginū > luginu > lyġen | |
| PGmc *mēriþō | *māriþu | fame, reputation | mēriþō > māriþū > māriþu | |
| PGmc *salbō | PWGmc *salbu | ointment, salve | salbō > salβū > salbu | |
| PGmc *laibō | PWGmc *laibu | what is left, remainder | laibō > laiβū > laibu | |
| PGmc *lausungō | OE lēasung | releasing, liberation; removal | lausungō > lausungū > lausungu > lēasung | |
| PGmc *uftō | OE oft | oft; often; frequently | uftō > uftū > uftu > uft | uft |
| PGmc *saiwalō | OE sāwl | soul | saiwalō > saiwalū > saiwalu > sāwel | sāwel |
| PGmc *librō- | OE lifer | liver | librō- > liβrū > liβru > lifer | |
| PGmc *ahslō | PWGmc *ahslu | shoulder-joint, shoulder, armpit | ahslō > ahslū > ahslu | |
| PGmc *aganō- | OE ægnan | chaff, awns | aganō- > aganū > aganu > agan | agan |
| PGmc *ahsō- | OE eax | axle | ahsō- > ahsū > ahsu > eax | |
| PGmc *akʷesī- | OE æx | axe | akʷesī- > akʷesi > æces | æces |
| PGmc *airō- | OE ār | oar | airō- > airū > airu > ār | |
| PGmc *amaitjō- | OE æmette | ant | amaitjō- > amaitjū > amaitju > omet | omet |
| PGmc *arhʷō- | OE earh | arrow | arhʷō- > arhʷū > arhʷu > earh | |
| PGmc *ahtō- | OE eaht | consideration, attention | ahtō- > ahtū > ahtu > eaht | |
| PGmc *aizō- | OE ār | respect, benevolence | aizō- > aizū > aizu > ār | |
| PGmc *aldō- | OE aldaht | hollow (of a tree) | aldō- > aldū > aldu > eald | eald |
| PGmc *artō- | OE earte | wagtail? | artō- > artū > artu > eart | eart |
| PGmc *aspō- | OE æsp | aspen | aspō- > aspū > aspu > asp | asp |
| PGmc *badwō | OE beado | battle | badwō > badwū > badwu > bado | bado |
| PGmc *banjō | OE benu | wound | banjō > banjū > banju > benn | benn |
| PGmc *berkō- | OE beorc | birch-tree | berkō- > berkū > berku > beorc | |
| PGmc *bērō- | OE bār | bier | bērō- > bārū > bāru > bār | |
| PGmc *bōkō- | OE bōc | beech | bōkō- > bōkū > bōku > bōc | |
| PGmc *bōtō- | OE bōt | improvement | bōtō- > bōtū > bōtu > bōt | |
| PGmc *delō- | OE delu | nipple | delō- > delū > delu > deolu | deolu |
| PGmc *draibō- | OE drāf | driving, drift | draibō- > draiβū > draiβu > drāf | |
| PGmc *ēlō- | OE ǣl | awl | ēlō- > ālū > ālu > āl | āl |
| PGmc *ēþrō- | OE ǣdre | vein, rivulet | ēþrō- > āþrū > āþru > ǣþer | ǣþer |
| PGmc *felgō- | OE fealg | rim of a wheel | felgō- > felgū > felgu > felg | felg |
| PGmc *fersnō- | OE fiersn | heel | fersnō- > fersnū > fersnu > feorsn | feorsn |
| PGmc *flauhō- | OE flēah | flea | flauhō- > flauhū > flauhu > flēah | |
| PGmc *flōhō- | OE flōh | layer | flōhō- > flōhū > flōhu > flōh | |
| PGmc *fuldō- | OE folde | earth, ground, field, the world | fuldō- > fuldū > fuldu > fuld | fuld |
| PGmc *furhnō- | OE forn | trout | furhnō- > furhnū > furhnu > furn | furn |
| PGmc *granō- | OE granu | hair of the beard | granō- > granū > granu > granu | |
| PGmc *habanō- | OE hæfen | harbor | habanō- > haβanū > haβanu > hafan | hafan |
| PGmc *hainō- | OE hān | whetstone | hainō- > hainū > hainu > hān | |
| PGmc *haljō | OE hel | hell | haljō > haljū > halju > hell | hell |
| PGmc *hamō- | OE ham | shank | hamō- > hamū > hamu > hamu | hamu |
| PGmc *hindō- | OE hind | hind | hindō- > hindū > hindu > hind | |
| PGmc *hinnō- | OE hion | thin skin, membrane | hinnō- > hinnū > hinnu > hinn | hinn |
| PGmc *hrungō- | OE hrung | rung | hrungō- > hrungū > hrungu > hrung | |
| PGmc *hʷerhʷetjō- | OE hwerhwette | gourd(?) | hʷerhʷetjō- > hʷerhʷetjū > hʷerhʷetju > hwēorett | hwēorett |
| PGmc *hʷīlō- | OE hwīl | while | hʷīlō- > hʷīlū > hʷīlu > hīl | hīl |
| PGmc *karō- | OE cearu | worry, care | karō- > karū > karu > caro | caro |
| PGmc *kawō- | OE ċēo | jackdaw | kawō- > kawū > kawu > ċēa | ċēa |
| PGmc *kēgjō- | OE cǣg | peg, key | kēgjō- > kāgjū > kāgju > ċīeġ | ċīeġ |
| PGmc *kelurō- | OE ceoler | throat | kelurō- > kelurū > keluru > ċieler | ċieler |
| PGmc *klawō- | OE clāwu | claw | klawō- > klawū > klawu > clēa | clēa |
| PGmc *kʷalō- | OE cwalu | torment | kʷalō- > kʷalū > kʷalu > cwalu | |
| PGmc *landjō- | OE lendenu | lower part of the back, kidney, loin | landjō- > landjū > landju > lend | lend |
| PGmc *lawwō- | OE lim-lǣw | groove | lawwō- > lawwū > lawwu > lēaw | lēaw |
| PGmc *lindō- | OE lind | lime tree | lindō- > lindū > lindu > lind | |
| PGmc *lundō- | OE lynd | fat | lundō- > lundū > lundu > lund | lund |
| PGmc *maldjō- | OE melde | saltbush, orache | maldjō- > maldjū > maldju > mield | mield |
| PGmc *manō- | OE manu | mane, neck | manō- > manū > manu > manu | |
| PGmc *mēslō- | OE masele | growth | mēslō- > māslū > māslu > mǣsl | mǣsl |
| PGmc *mundō- | OE mund | hand | mundō- > mundū > mundu > mund | |
| PGmc *muwī- | OE mycge | mosquito | muwī- > muwi > mye | mye |
| PGmc *nabō- | OE nafu | nave | nabō- > naβū > naβu > nafu | |
| PGmc *nasō- | OE nosu | nose | nasō- > nasū > nasu > nasu | nasu |
| PGmc *neftī- | OE nift | niece, cousin | neftī- > nefti > neft | neft |
| PGmc *nēþlō- | OE nǣþl | needle | nēþlō- > nāþlū > nāþlu > nǣþl | |
| PGmc *ōhsnō- | OE ōxn | armpit | ōhsnō- > ōhsnū > ōhsnu > ōsn | ōsn |
| PGmc *paidō- | OE pād | coat, shirt | paidō- > paidū > paidu > pād | |
| PGmc *raihō- | OE rāwe | row | raihō- > raihū > raihu > rāh | rāh |
| PGmc *rastō- | OE ræst | interval | rastō- > rastū > rastu > rast | rast |
| PGmc *rōō- | OE rōw | calm, rest | rōō- > rōū > rōu > rōw | |
| PGmc *sagō- | OE sagu | saw | sagō- > sagū > sagu > sagu | |
| PGmc *sagō- | OE sagu | recount | sagō- > sagū > sagu > sagu | |
| PGmc *sakō- | OE sacu | case, lawsuit | sakō- > sakū > saku > sacu | |
| PGmc *sebjō- | OE sib | kinship | sebjō- > seβjū > seβju > seff | seff |
| PGmc *senuwō- | OE seonu | sinew | senuwō- > senuwū > senuwu > senow | senow |
| PGmc *stōō- | OE stōw | place; judgement | stōō- > stōū > stōu > stōw | |
| PGmc *strandō- | OE strand | edge; shore, beach | strandō- > strandū > strandu > strand | |
| PGmc *talō- | OE talu | speech, recount | talō- > talū > talu > talu | |
| PGmc *tangō- | OE tang | tongs | tangō- > tangū > tangu > tang | |
| PGmc *þeudō- | OE þēod | nation, people | þeudō- > þeudū > þeudu > þēod | |
| PGmc *þinhslō- | OE þīxl | drawbar, cart-pole | þinhslō- > þinhslū > þinhslu > þīsl | þīsl |
| PGmc *þrawō- | OE þrēa | longing, suffering | þrawō- > þrawū > þrawu > þrēa | |
| PGmc *þūshundī- | OE þūsend | thousand | þūshundī- > þūshundi > þūshond | þūshond |
| PGmc *wambō- | OE wamb | womb, belly | wambō- > wambū > wambu > wamb | |
| PGmc *wullō- | OE wull | wool | wullō- > wullū > wullu > wull | |
| PGmc *anhulō- | OE ōl | strap | anhulō- > anhulū > anhulu > ōl |