From Proto-West Germanic to Old English

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PNWGmc *langizô	lengra	longer	langizô > langirō > ląngirō > lengra
PNWGmc *mānô	mōna	moon	mānô > mānō > mą̄nō > mōna
PGmc *mēnan-	mōna	moon	mēnan- > mānan > mą̄nan > mōnan	mōnan
PWGmc *andī	ende	end	andī > ąndī > ende
PWGmc *þannjan	þennan	to extend	þannjan > þąnnjan > þennan
PWGmc *frammjan	fremman	to further	frammjan > frąmmjan > fremman
PNWGmc *wānijaną	wēnan	to expect, to hope	wānijaną > wānijan > wą̄nijan > wēnan
PNWGmc *spānuz	spōn	wood-chip, shaving	spānuz > spānu > spą̄nu > spōn
PNWGmc *glāmaz	glōm	faint light	glāmaz > glām > glą̄m > glōm
PWGmc *jāmar	ġeōmor	lamentation; sad	jāmar > ją̄mar > ġōmer	ġōmer
PWGmc *kampijō	cempa	warrior	kampijō > kąmpijō > cempa
PWGmc *anafalt	anfealt	anvil	anafalt > ąnafalt > anfealt
PWGmc *skamu	sċamu	shame	skamu > skąmu > sċamu
PGmc *skamō-	sċamu	shame	skamō- > skamu > skąmu > sċamu
PGmc *drankijaną	drenċan	to give to drink	drankijaną > drankijan > drąnkijan > drenċan
PGmc *drankjan-	drenċan	to give to drink	drankjan- > drąnkjan > drenċan
PNWGmc *bankiz	benċ	bench	bankiz > banki > bąnki > benċ
PGmc *banki-	benċ	bench	banki- > bąnki > benċ
PNWGmc *fangiz	fenġ	grasp, booty	fangiz > fangi > fąngi > fenġ
PGmc *fangi-	fenġ	catch	fangi- > fąngi > fenġ
PNWGmc *strangiz	strenġ	string	strangiz > strangi > strąngi > strenġ
PGmc *strangi-	strenġ	string, cord, rope	strangi- > strąngi > strenġ
PWGmc *gangī	genġe	passable	gangī > gąngī > genġe
PGmc *gangi-	genġe	passable	gangi- > gąngi > genġ	genġ
PNWGmc *þangilaz	þenġel	prince	þangilaz > þangil > þąngil > þenġel
PWGmc *hangist	henġest	stallion	hangist > hąngist > henġest
PGmc *hangista-	henġest	horse; stallion(?); gelding(?)	hangista- > hangist > hąngist > henġest
PWGmc *angil	enġel	angel	angil > ąngil > enġel
PGmc *sandijaną	sendan	to send	sandijaną > sandijan > sąndijan > sendan
PGmc *sandjan-	sendan	to send	sandjan- > sąndjan > sendan
PGmc *banjō	benn	wound	banjō > bannju > bąnnju > benn
PNWGmc *kanipaz	cenep	moustache	kanipaz > kanip > kąnip > cenep
PWGmc *hamiþī	hemeþe	shirt	hamiþī > hąmiþī > hemiþe	hemiþe
PNWGmc *wāniz	wēn	hope, expectation	wāniz > wāni > wą̄ni > wēn
PNWGmc *bandi	bend	fetter	bandi > bąndi > bend
PWGmc *hanapi	henep	hemp	hanapi > hąnapi > hanp	hanp
PGmc *hanipa-	henep	hemp	hanipa- > hanip > hąnip > henep
PWGmc *gang	gang	pace, step, gait	gang > gąng > gang
PWGmc *handu	hand	hand	handu > hąndu > hand
PGmc *handu-	hand	hand	handu- > hąndu > hand
PNWGmc *kʷāniz	cwēn	woman, wife	kʷāniz > kwāni > kwą̄ni > cwēn
PGmc *amaitjō-	æmette	ant	amaitjō- > amētj > ąmētj > amet	amet
PGmc *anad-	ænid	duck	anad- > ąnad > aned	aned
PGmc *anadan-	anda	breath; spirit	anadan- > ąnadan > anadan	anadan
PGmc *andiz	end	earlier, rather	andiz > andi > ąndi > end
PGmc *angula-	ongel	hook, tip	angula- > angul > ąngul > ongul	ongul
PGmc *angwu-	enge	narrow	angwu- > angu > ąngu > ang	ang
PGmc *amazan-	omer	bunting	amazan- > amaran > ąmaran > amaran	amaran
PGmc *ana	on	on	ana > an > ąn > on
PGmc *ampran-	ampre	sorrel, dock	ampran- > ąmpran > ampran	ampran
PGmc *banda-	beand	band, bond	banda- > band > bąnd > band	band
PGmc *bandjan-	bendan	bend (a bow)	bandjan- > bąndjan > bendan
PGmc *banjō	benu	wound	banjō > bannju > bąnnju > benn	benn
PGmc *bannan-	bannan	command, summon	bannan- > bąnnan > bannan
PGmc *blandan-	blandan	mix, mingle	blandan- > bląndan > blandan
PGmc *brannjan-	bærnan	make burn	brannjan- > brąnnjan > bærnan
PGmc *brannijaną	bærnan	make burn	brannijaną > brannijan > brąnnijan > bærnan
PGmc *branta-	brant	steep	branta- > brant > brąnt > brant
PGmc *dangjan-	denċġan	beat	dangjan- > dąngjan > denġan	denġan
PGmc *ēmōn-	ōman	erysipelas	ēmōn- > āmōn > ą̄mōn > ōman
PGmc *ēmōn-	ē̆mel	larva	ēmōn- > āmōn > ą̄mōn > ōman	ōman
PGmc *fanan-	fana	cloth	fanan- > fąnan > fanan	fanan
PGmc *fandōn-	fandian	investigate	fandōn- > fandōjan > fąndōjan > fandian
PGmc *fanja-	fen	fen, swamp	fanja- > fani > fąni > fene	fene
PGmc *gamala-	gamol	old	gamala- > gamal > gąmal > gamel	gamel
PGmc *ganazan-	gandra	gander	ganazan- > ganaran > gąnaran > ganaran	ganaran
PGmc *gangan-	gangan	go	gangan- > gąngan > gangan
PGmc *ganuta-	ganot	gander	ganuta- > ganut > gąnut > ganot
PGmc *gēn-	gān	to go	gēn- > gān > gą̄n > gōn	gōn
PGmc *gramjan-	gremian	provoke, anger	gramjan- > grammjan > grąmmjan > gremman	gremman
PGmc *granō-	granu	hair of the beard	granō- > granu > grąnu > granu
PGmc *hama-	hama	shape, physical form	hama- > ham > hąm > ham	ham
PGmc *hamara-	hamor	hammer	hamara- > hamar > hąmar > hamer	hamer
PGmc *hamō-	ham	shank	hamō- > hamu > hąmu > hamu	hamu
PGmc *hanan-	hana	rooster, singer	hanan- > hąnan > hanan	hanan
PGmc *hangjan-	henġan	to (make) hang	hangjan- > hąngjan > henġan
PGmc *hramusan-	hromsa	ramsons	hramusan- > hrąmusan > hramosan	hramosan
PGmc *kamba-	camb	comb	kamba- > kamb > kąmb > camb
PGmc *kambjan-	cemban	comb	kambjan- > kąmbjan > cemban
PGmc *kanjan-	cennan	bring forth	kanjan- > kannjan > kąnnjan > cennan
PGmc *kannjan-	cennan	make known	kannjan- > kąnnjan > cennan
PGmc *kannōn-	canne	jug	kannōn- > kąnnōn > cannan	cannan
PGmc *klammjan-	clemman	clamp; to jam	klammjan- > kląmmjan > clemman
PGmc *krammōn-	crammian	squeeze	krammōn- > krammōjan > krąmmōjan > crammian
PGmc *kranan-	cran	crane	kranan- > krąnan > cranan	cranan
PGmc *lambiz-	lamb	lamb	lambiz- > lambi > ląmbi > lemb	lemb
PGmc *lamjan-	lemian	beat (up), cripple	lamjan- > lammjan > ląmmjan > lemman	lemman
PGmc *landa-	land	land	landa- > land > ląnd > land
PGmc *landjō-	lendenu	lower part of the back, kidney, loin	landjō- > landju > ląndju > lend	lend
PGmc *langa-	lang	long	langa- > lang > ląng > lang
PGmc *managa-	maniġ	many	managa- > manag > mąnag > maniġ
PGmc *mangjan-	menġan	mix	mangjan- > mąngjan > menġan
PGmc *manja-	mene	necklace	manja- > mani > mąni > mene
PGmc *manniska-	mennisc	human	manniska- > mannisk > mąnnisk > mennesc	mennesc
PGmc *manō-	manu	mane, neck	manō- > manu > mąnu > manu
PGmc *mēnōþ-	mōnað	month	mēnōþ- > mānōþ > mą̄nōþ > mōnað
PGmc *namōn-	nama	name	namōn- > nąmōn > naman	naman
PGmc *ramma-	ram	ram	ramma- > ramm > rąmm > ramm	ramm
PGmc *ranka-	ranc	erect	ranka- > rank > rąnk > ranc
PGmc *samda-	sand	sand	samda- > samd > sąmd > samd	samd
PGmc *sangwa-	sang	singing; song	sangwa- > sangu > sąngu > sang
PGmc *sankʷjan-	sencan	cause to sink	sankʷjan- > sankwjan > sąnkwjan > sencan
PGmc *sprangjan-	sprenġan	make jump, to make burst	sprangjan- > sprąngjan > sprenġan
PGmc *stamma-	stamm	stammering	stamma- > stamm > stąmm > stamm
PGmc *standan-	standan	stand	standan- > stąndan > standan
PGmc *strandō-	strand	edge; shore, beach	strandō- > strandu > strąndu > strand
PGmc *stranga-	strong	strong	stranga- > strang > strąng > strong
PGmc *swamban-	swam	sponge, mushroom	swamban- > swąmban > swamban	swamban
PGmc *swana-	swan	swan	swana- > swan > swąn > swan
PGmc *tangō-	tang	tongs	tangō- > tangu > tąngu > tang
PGmc *þanka-	þanc	thanks	þanka- > þank > þąnk > þanc
PGmc *þankjan-	þenċan	think	þankjan- > þąnkjan > þenċan
PGmc *þwangi-	þwang	latchet	þwangi- > þwąngi > þwenġ	þwenġ
PGmc *wambō-	wamb	womb, belly	wambō- > wambu > wąmbu > wamb
PGmc *wana-	wan	lacking, missing, void	wana- > wan > wąn > wan
PGmc *wandjan-	wendan	cause to turn	wandjan- > wąndjan > wendan
PGmc *wanga-	wang	meadow	wanga- > wang > wąng > wang
PGmc *wlanka-	wlanc	bold	wlanka- > wlank > wląnk > wlanc
PGmc *wrandan-	wrenna	wren	wrandan- > wrąndan > wrandan	wrandan
PGmc *wranga-	wrang	twisted, wrong	wranga- > wrang > wrąng > wrang
PGmc *wrankjan-	wrenċan	twist, wring	wrankjan- > wrąnkjan > wrenċan
PGmc *hlankjan-	*hlenċan	twist, turn	hlankjan- > hląnkjan > hlenċan
PGmc *mannan-	mann	man	mannan- > mąnnan > mannan	mannan
PGmc *swammjan-	*swemman	make swim	swammjan- > swąmmjan > swemman
PGmc *tandjan-	*tendan	kindle	tandjan- > tąndjan > tendan
PGmc *skrankʷjan-	*sċrencan	make fall(?)	skrankʷjan- > skrankwjan > skrąnkwjan > sċrencan
PGmc *tangja-	*tenġe	approximate	tangja- > tangi > tąngi > tenġ	tenġ
PGmc *klangjan-	clengan	make stick	klangjan- > kląngjan > clenġan	clenġan

Sequences

pwgmc-to-oe: previous north-pwgmc-e-before-m, next oe-hiatus
pgmc-to-oe: previous north-pwgmc-e-before-m, next oe-hiatus
pnwgmc-to-oe: previous north-pwgmc-e-before-m, next oe-hiatus