Etymograph > Indo-European > Sanskrit > Historical Phonology > skt-vowels

From Proto-Indo-European to Sanskrit

Long vowels

{ē|ō|eH|oH} > ā / {C|#}_{C|#}

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PIE *meh₂tēr	mātā́	mother	meh₂tēr > mātār	mātār
PIE *bʰréh₂ter-	bhrā́tar	brother	bʰréh₂ter- > bʰrātar > bhrā́tar
PIE *dʰedʰeh₁ti	dádhāti	put.3sg	dʰedʰeh₁ti > dʰadʰāti	dʰadʰāti
PIE *peh₂ǵ-	pajrá-	make fast	peh₂ǵ- > pāg	pāg
PIE *su̯eh₂d-	svádati	sweet	su̯eh₂d- > sveh₂d > svād	svād

Diphthongs

H{e|o}i > e / {C|#}_{C|#}

{e|o}i > e / {C|#}_{C|#}

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PIE *deiu̯o-	devá	god	deiu̯o- > deu̯a	deu̯a
PIE *tḱeiti	kṣéti	build.pres.3sg	tḱeiti > tketi	tketi

H{e|o}u > o / {C|#}_{C|#}

{e|o}u > o / {C|#}_{C|#}

{eHi|oHi} > e / {C|#}_{C|#}

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PIE *dʰeh₁inu-	dhenú-	cow	dʰeh₁inu- > dʰenu	dʰenu

{eHu|oHu} > o / {C|#}_{C|#}

Long diphthongs

{ē|ō}i > ā / _#

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PIE *sékʷh₂ōi	sákhā	companion	sékʷh₂ōi > sakʷai	sakʷai

H{ē|ō}i > ai

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PIE *sékʷh₂ōi	sákhā	companion	sékʷh₂ōi > sakʷai	sakʷai

{ē|ō}i > ai

H{ē|ō}u > au

{ē|ō}u > au

From	To	Gloss	Steps
PIE *di̯ēus	dyaús	sky	di̯ēus > dyēus > dyaús

Regular vowels

{He|e|Ho|o} > a / {C|#}_{C|#}

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PIE *nebʰos	nábhas	cloud	nebʰos > nabʰas > nábhas
PIE *deḱm̥	dáśa	ten	deḱm̥ > dakm̥	dakm̥
PIE *deiu̯o-	devá	god	deiu̯o- > deu̯a	deu̯a
PIE *bʰréh₂ter-	bhrā́tar	brother	bʰréh₂ter- > bʰrātar > bhrā́tar
PIE *sékʷh₂ōi	sákhā	companion	sékʷh₂ōi > sakʷai	sakʷai
PIE *i̯ugóm	yugám	yoke	i̯ugóm > yugom > yugám
PIE *néu̯o-	náva	new	néu̯o- > nevo > náva
PIE *dʰedʰeh₁ti	dádhāti	put.3sg	dʰedʰeh₁ti > dʰadʰāti	dʰadʰāti
PIE *bʰereti	bhárati	carry.pres.3sg	bʰereti > bʰarati > bhárati
PIE *prḱsketi	pr̥ccháti	ask.pres.3sg	prḱsketi > prkskati	prkskati
PIE *h₁esti	ásti	be.pres.3sg	h₁esti > ásti
PIE *h₁eu̯idem	ávidam	see.aor.1sg	h₁eu̯idem > h₁evidem > ávidam