Etymograph > Indo-European > Latin > Historical Phonology

pie-to-lat

lat-velars

Weiss 2020:84

{ǵʰ|gʰ|gʷʰ} > g / n_

lat-p-kw

Weiss 2020:81

p > kʷ if next syllable-initial consonant is 'kʷ'

Example: PIE *pénkʷe 'five' > Lat **quenque

lat-gw

Weiss 2020:87

gʷ > u̯ if previous sound is not nasal

Example: PIE *nogʷodʰo- 'nude' > *nou̯odʰo > Lat **nūdo

lat-gwh

Weiss 2020:87

gʷʰ > f / #_

lat-voiced-aspirates

Weiss 2020:82

{bʰ|dʰ} > f / #_

Example: PIE *bʰeroH 'carry.PRES-1SG' > *feroH > Lat ferō

lat-laryngeals

H > ∅ / #_C

lat-syllabic-sonorants

Weiss 2020:103

m̥ > em

lat-e-o

Weiss 2020:150

eu > ou

lat-ei

Weiss 2020:110

ei̯ > ei

lat-a-after-labial (optional)

Schrijver 1991:454

o > a / #{m|u̯|kʷ|gʷ|gʷʰ}_

Example: PIE *mori- 'sea' > *mari > Lat mare

lat-word-final-i

Weiss 2020:158

i > e / _# if word is N

Example: PIE *mori- 'sea' > *mari > Lat mare

lat-ouvc-syncope

Weiss 2020:134

ou̯V > ū / _C

Example: PIE *-eu̯es 'u-stem full-grade suffix-athematic nom.pl. ending' > *-ou̯es > Lat -ūs

lat-cl-monophtongization

Weiss 2020:112

ou > ū

lat-loss-of-u

Weiss 2020:165

u̯ > ∅ / _{o|u}

Example: PIE *deiu̯o- 'god' > *deu̯o > *deo > Lat deus

lat-rct-cluster

Weiss 2020:196

C > ∅ / [+sonorant]_[-sonorant,-continuant]

Example: PIE *bʰorǵʰto- 'hoch werden, sich erheben-VADJ' > *forhto > Lat **forto

lat-sm-cluster

Weiss 2020:182

sm > m / #_

lat-gn

Weiss 2020:184

gn > n / #_

Example: PIE *ǵneh₃skoH 'know.PRES.1SG' > *gnōskō > Lat nōscō

lat-stem-to-citation-form

word ends with 'o' and (word is N or word is ADJ):

change ending to 'us'

word ends with C and word is V:

append 'ō'

otherwise:

no change

Example: PIE *molo- 'bad' > *malo > Lat malus