Etymograph > Tolkien's Languages > Sindarin > Rules > ce-to-s

ce-aspiration-to-end

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3183451073.html

[+SG,-voice][-SG,-voice,-sonorant,-continuant] > [-SG][+SG]

Example: CE nakʰta- 'confine' > *naktʰa > Q nahta-

ce-final-j-w-after-long-vowels

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1539930001.html

{j|w} > ∅ / [+syllabic,+long]_# if number of syllables is 1

Example: CE phāy 'ray of light, flame' > *pʰá > Q fá

ce-nasal-metathesis

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3882201769.html

bm > mb

Example: CE labmā 'tongue' > *lambá > Q lamba

ce-medial-ng

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-768986721.html

ŋ > ɣ / V_V

Example: CE eŋa 'exist' > *eɣa > Q ëa

ce-final-i

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3064357955.html

i > e / _#

Example: CE danmi 'ebb-tide' > *danme > Q lanwe

ce-unvoice-stops-before-voiceless

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1944249607.html

[-sonorant,-continuant] > [-voice] / _{[-sonorant,-continuant,-voice]|s}

Example: CE magtā 'handle' > *maktá > Q mahta-

s-ns-ss

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1254562549.html

ns > ss

Example: CE rinsa 'cleft' > *rissa > S **ress

s-vocalize-voiceless-stop

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4282797219.html

b > u / V_[+voice,-sonorant,-continuant]

Example: CE khabdā 'mound' > *kʰaudá > S haudh

s-initial-h

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1117448055.html

{ɣ|h} > ∅ / #_

Example: CE heklanā 'forsaken' > *eklaná > S eglan

s-initial-syllabic-nasal

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1024355367.html

word is initial-nasal-syllabic:

m > am / #_
n > an / #_
ŋ > aŋ / #_

otherwise:

no change

Example: CE mbartā 'define' > *ambartá > S amarth

s-voiceless-stops-before-nasals

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3463937975.html

[-sonorant,-continuant,-voice] > [+voice] / _[nasal]

Example: CE okma 'evil deed' > *ogma > S oew

s-shorten-final-vowels

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2753394075.html

[+syllabic,+long] > [-long] / _#

Example: CE annā 'gift' > *anna > S ann

s-initial-s

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2107885715.html

word is initial-s-syllabic:

s > es / #_[-sonorant,-continuant,-voice]

otherwise:

no change

Example: CE skalā 'cast shadow' > *skala > *eskala > S esgal

s-initial-s-unvoicing

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3923357111.html

sr > r̥ / #_

Example: CE srāwe 'flesh' > *r̥áwe > S **rháw

s-stops-to-spirants-after-s

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-798037075.html

[-voice,-continuant,-sonorant] > [+continuant,-strident] / #s_

Example: CE spindilā 'head of hair' > *spindila > *sɸindila > S **finnel

s-voiceless-stops-after-consonants

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1683955225.html

[-voice,-sonorant,-continuant] > [+SG] / C_ if previous sound is not 's'

Example: CE tektā 'sign, symbol, mark' > *tekta > *tektʰa > S taith

s-aspirates-to-voiceless-spirants

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-883570327.html

[-voice, -continuant, -sonorant] > [+continuant, -strident] / _[+SG]

s-long-a

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2858643115.html

aː > ǭ

s-intervocalic-h

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3388236413.html

s > h / V_V

Example: CE thūsē 'horrible darkness, black mist' > *θúse > *θúhe > S thû

s-initial-nasals-before-stops

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3057844573.html

m > ∅ / #_b

s-final-nasals-after-vowels

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-876455981.html

[nasal] > ∅ / V_#

Example: CE elen 'star' > *ele > S el

s-initial-s-before-spirants

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3841187313.html

s > ∅ / #_[+continuant,-strident,-voice]

Example: CE spindilā 'head of hair' > *sɸindila > *ɸindila > S **finnel

s-voiced-stops-after-liquids

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1590520649.html

[+voice,-sonorant,-continuant] > [+continuant] / [+sonorant,-nasal]_

Example: CE phelgā 'mine' > *ɸelga > *ɸelɣa > S fela

s-a-affection

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1593810649.html

{i|u} > {e|o} if syllable is second to last and next vowel is 'a'

Example: CE ambuna 'hilly' > *ambona > S amon

s-voiced-stops-after-vowels

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1726791627.html

[+voice,-continuant,-sonorant] > [+continuant,-strident] / V_

Example: CE tagra 'lofty' > *taɣra > S taer

s-kh-f-vocalized

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4002924749.html

x > i / V_θ

Example: CE tektā 'sign, symbol, mark' > *texθa > *teiθa > S taith

s-iu-ju

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-659168127.html

iu > yː

s-ph-bh

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-890563133.html

[labial,-strident] > [+strident]

Example: CE phelgā 'mine' > *ɸelɣa > *felɣa > S fela

s-medial-j

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1679623085.html

j > i / C_V

Example: CE erjā 'isolated, lonely' > *erja > *eria > S air

s-short-u

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2740073851.html

u > o if next vowel is not 'u' and next sound is not nasal and next sound is not vowel

Example: CE urkō 'orc' > *urxo > *orxo > S orch

s-long-e-o

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3889365613.html

[-high,-low,+long] > [+high]

Example: CE khēr 'lord' > *xér > *xír > S hír

s-nm-ngm

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3258926163.html

m > w / [nasal, -labial]_

Example: CE teñmā 'letter' > *teŋma > *teŋwa > S têw

s-ng-vanishes

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3707785609.html

[+syllabic]ŋ > [+long] / _{n|w}

Example: CE teñmā 'letter' > *teŋwa > *téwa > S têw

s-o-au

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-558704171.html

ǭ > au

s-short-final-vowels

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-813787869.html

[+syllabic,-high,-long] > ∅ / _#

Example: CE elen 'star' > *ele > S el

s-i-intrusion

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2399289739.html

Ci > iC / V_#

Example: CE erjā 'isolated, lonely' > *eri > *eir > S air

s-initial-kh

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4287595571.html

x > h / #_

Example: CE khēr 'lord' > *xír > *hír > S hír

s-voiceless-stops-after-vowels

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2240258959.html

[-voice,-sonorant,-continuant] > [+voice] / V_

Example: Q atan 'man' > S adan

s-monosyllable-lengthening (optional)

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1053424933.html

number of syllables is 1:

apply sound rule 's-vowel-lengthening' to first vowel

otherwise:

no change

Example: CE annā 'gift' > *ann > *ánn > S ann

s-vowel-lengthening

V > [+long] / _[+voice]

s-gh-after-consonant

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-916418731.html

ɣ > a / C_#

Example: CE phelgā 'mine' > *felɣ > S fela

s-gh-vocalized

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-539122737.html

ɣ > i / V_[+sonorant]

Example: CE tagra 'lofty' > *taɣra > *taira > S taer

s-gh-disappears

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-4164672875.html

ɣ > ∅

Example: CE rīgā 'wreath' > *ríɣa > *ría > S rî

s-h-after-vowels

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-875184187.html

h > ∅ / V_

Example: CE thūsē 'horrible darkness, black mist' > *θúh > *θú > S thû

s-ai-oi

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-941153689.html

i > e / {a|o}_

Example: CE tagra 'lofty' > *tair > S taer

s-ei-final-syllable

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1660291111.html

e > a / _iC₀#

Example: CE erjā 'isolated, lonely' > *eir > S air

s-medial-nasal-spirant

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2996915415.html

mf > mm / !#_

s-long-vowel-before-cluster

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2083930569.html

[+syllabic,+long] > [-long] / _CC

Example: CE annā 'gift' > *ánn > S ann

s-au-ae

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-567222053.html

number of syllables is not 1:

au > o
ae > e

otherwise:

no change

Example: CE arātā 'high, lofty, noble' > *arád > S **arád

s-ldh

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-226282629.html

ð > l / l_

Example: CE kuldā 'hollow' > *kolð > S coll

s-mb-nd

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-868023175.html

b > m / m_

Example: CE ambuna 'hilly' > *ambon > *ammon > S amon

s-non-initial-m

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1951379117.html

m > v / {V|[+sonorant,-nasal]}_{#|[-labial]}

Example: CE okma 'evil deed' > *oem > *oev > S oew

s-mm

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3689144303.html

m > ∅ / _m

Example: CE ambuna 'hilly' > *ammon > S amon

s-final-w

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3909760699.html

v > w / {i|ae|oe}_#

Example: CE okma 'evil deed' > *oev > S oew

s-final-w-v-disappears

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-70600889.html

{w|v} > ∅ / u_#

s-long-voiceless-spirants

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1206014597.html

θθ > θ

Example: CE lotta 'bloom' > *loθθ > S loth

s-sk

https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1759587217.html

k > g / s_

Example: CE skalā 'cast shadow' > *eskal > S esgal