From Proto-Germanic to Proto-West Germanic

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PGmc *hurną	*horn	horn	hurną > horną > horn
PGmc *murþrą	*morþr	murder	murþrą > morþrą > morþr
PGmc *uber	*obar	over	uber > uβar > obar
PGmc *utraz	OE otor	otter	utraz > otraz > otor
PGmc *huzdą	OE hord	treasure	huzdą > hozdą > hord
PGmc *huzda-	OE hord	treasure	huzda- > hozda > hord
PGmc *yuką	OE ġeoc	yoke	yuką > yoką > yoc	yoc
PGmc *juka-	OE ġeoc	yoke	juka- > joka > ġoc	ġoc
PGmc *hulaz	OE hol	hollow	hulaz > holaz > hol
PGmc *wurdą	OE word	word	wurdą > wordą > word
PGmc *wurda-	OE word	word	wurda- > worda > word
PNWGmc *upanaz	OE open	open	upanaz > opanaz > opan	opan
PNWGmc *bruþą	OE broþ	broth	bruþą > broþą > broþ
PNWGmc *hrussą	OE hors	horse	hrussą > hrossą > hors
PGmc *hursa-	OE hors	horse	hursa- > horsa > hors
PNWGmc *bugô	OE boga	bow	bugô > bogô > boga
PGmc *bugan-	OE boga	bow	bugan- > bogan	bogan
PNWGmc *hulmaz	OE holm	island	hulmaz > holmaz > holm
PNWGmc *fulką	OE folc	troop, tribe	fulką > folką > folc
PGmc *wulþraz	*wulþr	worth	wulþraz > wolþraz > wolþr	wolþr
PGmc *snutraz	*snotr	wise	snutraz > snotraz > snotr
PGmc *þurfan-	OE þurfan	need	þurfan- > þorfan	þorfan
PGmc *ufta	OE oft	oft; often; frequently	ufta > ofta > oft
PGmc *fuglaz	*fugl	bird	fuglaz > foglaz > fogl	fogl
PGmc *bruzda-	OE brord	spike	bruzda- > brozda > brord
PGmc *buda-	OE bod	offer	buda- > boda > bod
PGmc *budan-	OE boda	messenger	budan- > bodan	bodan
PGmc *budman-	OE botm	bottom	budman- > bodman	bodman
PGmc *bugōn-	OE bogian	brag(?)	bugōn- > bugōjan > bogōjan > bogian
PGmc *bukka-	OE bucc	billy-goat	bukka- > bokka > bocc	bocc
PGmc *bullan-	OE bolla	ball	bullan- > bollan	bollan
PGmc *bulan-	OE bula	bull	bulan- > bolan	bolan
PGmc *bulstra-	OE bolster	bolster, pillow	bulstra- > bolstra > bolstr	bolstr
PGmc *burkōn-	OE borcian	roar	burkōn- > burkōjan > borkōjan > borcian
PGmc *burōjan-	OE borian	bore	burōjan- > borōjan > borian
PGmc *burzda-	OE bord	board	burzda- > borzda > bord
PGmc *buwwēn-	OE bogian	dwell; to form, build	buwwēn- > buwwējan > bowwējan > boowian	boowian
PGmc *dugan-	OE dugan	be fit, avail	dugan- > dogan	dogan
PGmc *duhter-	OE dohtor	daughter	duhter- > duhtar > dohtar > dohter	dohter
PGmc *dura-	OE dor	gate, (single) door	dura- > dora > dor
PGmc *durzan-	OE durran	dare, be brave	durzan- > dorzan > dorran	dorran
PGmc *duska-	OE dox	dark	duska- > doska > dosc	dosc
PGmc *flukka-	OE flocc	group	flukka- > flokka > flocc
PGmc *fluta-	OE flot	floating	fluta- > flota > flot
PGmc *flutōn-	OE flotian	float, stream	flutōn- > flutōjan > flotōjan > flotian
PGmc *frugan-	OE frogga	frog	frugan- > frogan	frogan
PGmc *fruska-	OE forsc	frog	fruska- > froska > forsc
PGmc *frusta-	OE forst	frost	frusta- > frosta > forst
PGmc *fuhsa-	OE fox	fox	fuhsa- > fohsa > fox
PGmc *fulan-	OE fola	foal	fulan- > folan	folan
PGmc *fulgēn-	OE fylgan	follow, accompany	fulgēn- > fulgējan > folgējan > folgian	folgian
PGmc *fulla-	OE full	full	fulla- > folla > foll	foll
PGmc *fulla-	OE full	cup	fulla- > folla > foll	foll
PGmc *furhʷōn-	OE furh	fir	furhʷōn- > forhʷōn > fōran	fōran
PGmc *gnuznōjan-	OE gnornian	be sad	gnuznōjan- > gnoznōjan > gnornian
PGmc *guda-	OE God	god	guda- > goda > God
PGmc *gulþa-	OE gold	gold	gulþa- > golþa > golþ	golþ
PGmc *hnuppōn-	OE hnoppian	tear off	hnuppōn- > hnuppōjan > hnoppōjan > hnoppian
PGmc *hrukka-	OE roc	upper garment, robe	hrukka- > hrokka > hrocc	hrocc
PGmc *hrusōn-	OE hruse	crust	hrusōn- > hrosōn > hrosan	hrosan
PGmc *hufa-	OE hof	hillock	hufa- > hofa > hof
PGmc *hufra-	OE hofer	bump, hillock	hufra- > hofra > hofr	hofr
PGmc *hulma-	OE holm	small island	hulma- > holma > holm
PGmc *hulta-	OE holt	grove	hulta- > holta > holt
PGmc *hulþa-	OE hold	propitious	hulþa- > holþa > holþ	holþ
PGmc *huppōn-	OE hoppian	hop, jump	huppōn- > huppōjan > hoppōjan > hoppian
PGmc *hurhʷa-	OE horh	dirt, mucus	hurhʷa- > horhʷa > horh
PGmc *hurna-	OE horn	horn	hurna- > horna > horn
PGmc *kruppa-	OE crop	compact object	kruppa- > kroppa > cropp	cropp
PGmc *kuban-	OE cofa	shed	kuban- > koβan > cofan	cofan
PGmc *kuddan-	OE codd	bag	kuddan- > coddan	coddan
PGmc *kula-	OE col	coal, charcoal	kula- > kola > col
PGmc *kurna-	OE corn	corn, wheat	kurna- > korna > corn
PGmc *kurþra-	OE corðor	flock	kurþra- > korþra > corðor
PGmc *kuspa-	OE cosp	fetter	kuspa- > kospa > cosp
PGmc *kuta-	OE cot	shed	kuta- > kota > cot
PGmc *luba-	OE lof	praise	luba- > loβa > lof
PGmc *luhsa-	OE lox	lynx	luhsa- > lohsa > lox
PGmc *lukka-	OE loc	tuft	lukka- > lokka > locc	locc
PGmc *luppōn-	OE loppe	flea	luppōn- > loppōn > loppan	loppan
PGmc *mugan-	OE magan	be able	mugan- > mogan	mogan
PGmc *mulkna-	OE molcen	dairy	mulkna- > molkna > molcen
PGmc *murgena-	OE mergen	morning	murgena- > morgena > morgen	morgen
PGmc *murhōn-	OE moru	wild carrot	murhōn- > morhōn > mōran	mōran
PGmc *murþa-	OE morð	murder	murþa- > morþa > morð
PGmc *musa-	OE mos	moss	musa- > mosa > mos
PGmc *muþþan-	OE moððe	moth	muþþan- > moþþan	moþþan
PGmc *puhkan-	OE pocca	bag	puhkan- > pohcan	pohcan
PGmc *putōn-	OE potian	poke, prod	putōn- > putōjan > potōjan > potian
PGmc *rukkōn-	OE roccian	move to and fro, to rock	rukkōn- > rukkōjan > rokkōjan > roccian
PGmc *skuldra-	OE sċuldor	shoulder	skuldra- > skoldra > sċoldor	sċoldor
PGmc *skuwwan-	OE scuwa	mirror	skuwwan- > skowwan > sċoowan	sċoowan
PGmc *smukōn-	OE smocian	smoke	smukōn- > smukōjan > smokōjan > smocian
PGmc *spurnan-	OE spornan	kick, spurn	spurnan- > spornan
PGmc *stukka-	OE stocc	stick	stukka- > stokka > stocc
PGmc *sturma-	OE storm	storm	sturma- > storma > storm
PGmc *sufan-	OE swefan	sleep	sufan- > sofan	sofan
PGmc *sukkōn-	OE socian	to suck	sukkōn- > sukkōjan > sokkōjan > soccian	soccian
PGmc *sulha-	OE sulh	plow	sulha- > solha > solh	solh
PGmc *suppōn-	OE soppian	soak	suppōn- > suppōjan > soppōjan > soppian
PGmc *truga-	OE trog	trough	truga- > troga > trog
PGmc *turhta-	OE torht	bright	turhta- > torhta > torht
PGmc *turna-	OE torn	anger, rage	turna- > torna > torn
PGmc *turzda-	OE tord	excrement	turzda- > torzda > tord
PGmc *tuska-	OE tusc	tusk, fang	tuska- > toska > tosc	tosc
PGmc *tuska-	OE tosca	toad(?), frog(?)	tuska- > toska > tosc	tosc
PGmc *þuftōn-	OE þoft	thwart, rowing bench	þuftōn- > þoftōn > þoftan	þoftan
PGmc *þukōn-	OE þocerian	shove	þukōn- > þukōjan > þokōjan > þocian	þocian
PGmc *þulla-	OE þoll	thole, peg in the side of a boat to keep the oar in place	þulla- > þolla > þoll
PGmc *þurna-	OE þorn	thorn, briar	þurna- > þorna > þorn
PGmc *þurpa-	OE þorp	crowd(?)	þurpa- > þorpa > þorp
PGmc *ufna-	OE ofen	oven	ufna- > ofna > ofn	ofn
PGmc *uhsan-	OE oxa	ox	uhsan- > ohsan > oxan	oxan
PGmc *urba-	OE orf	inheritance	urba- > orβa > orf
PGmc *urzan-	OE wōr-hana	black grouse, capercaillie	urzan- > orzan > orran	orran
PGmc *utraz	OE oter	otter	utraz > otraz > otr	otr
PGmc *uzda-	OE ord	tip, prickle	uzda- > ozda > ord
PGmc *wulfa-	OE wulf	wolf	wulfa- > wolfa > wolf	wolf
PGmc *nugan-	pre-OE *nugan	suffice	nugan- > nogan	nogan
PGmc *tugōn-	OE togian	pull, jerk	tugōn- > tugōjan > togōjan > togian
PGmc *lukkōn-	pre-OE *loccian	entice	lukkōn- > lukkōjan > lokkōjan > loccian
PGmc *skulan-	OE sċulan	shall, to be obliged to	skulan- > skolan > sċolan	sċolan
PGmc *þudōn-	OE þodettan	bump	þudōn- > þudōjan > þodōjan > þodian	þodian
PGmc *plukkōn-	OE ploccian	pluck	plukkōn- > plukkōjan > plokkōjan > ploccian
PGmc *strukkōn-	OE stroccian	stroke	strukkōn- > strukkōjan > strokkōjan > stroccian

Sequences

pgmc-to-pwgmc: previous pwgmc-unstressed-ai, next pwgmc-zw-dw
pgmc-to-oe: previous pwgmc-unstressed-ai, next pwgmc-zw-dw
pnwgmc-to-pwgmc: previous pwgmc-unstressed-ai, next pwgmc-zw-dw
pnwgmc-to-oe: previous pwgmc-unstressed-ai, next pwgmc-zw-dw