From Proto-Germanic to Proto-West Germanic
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PNWGmc *dagumaz | OE dagum | day.dat.pl | dagumaz > daguma > dagum | |
| PGmc *sunuz | *sunu | son | sunuz > sunu | |
| PGmc *kuningaz | *kuning | headman | kuningaz > kuninga > kuning | |
| PGmc *harjaz | *hari | army | harjaz > harja > hari | |
| PGmc *andijaz | *andī | end | andijaz > andija > andī | |
| PGmc *sunauz | *sunō | son.gen | sunauz > sunau > sunō | |
| PGmc *þewaz | *þeu | slave | þewaz > þewa > þew | þew |
| PGmc *gastiz | *gasti | guest | gastiz > gasti | |
| PGmc *glawwuz | *glauw | exact | glawwuz > glawwu > glauwu | glauwu |
| PGmc *haftaz | *haft | bound | haftaz > hafta > haft | |
| PGmc *awiz | *awi | sheep | awiz > awi | |
| PGmc *wilþijaz | *wilþī | wild | wilþijaz > wilþija > wilþī | |
| PGmc *hlaibaz | *hlaib | bread | hlaibaz > hlaiβa > hlaib | |
| PGmc *haimaz | *haim | native place | haimaz > haima > haim | |
| PGmc *stainaz | *stain | stone | stainaz > staina > stain | |
| PGmc *raudaz | *raud | red | raudaz > rauda > raud | |
| PGmc *deupaz | *deup | deep | deupaz > deupa > deup | |
| PGmc *armaz | *arm | arm | armaz > arma > arm | |
| PGmc *swartaz | *swart | black | swartaz > swarta > swart | |
| PGmc *halmaz | *halm | straw | halmaz > halma > halm | |
| PGmc *halsaz | *hals | neck | halsaz > halsa > hals | |
| PGmc *gelwaz | *gelu | yellow | gelwaz > gelwa > gelu | |
| PGmc *kinnuz | *kinnu | cheek | kinnuz > kinnu | |
| PGmc *gīslaz | OE ġīsl | hostage | gīslaz > gīsla > ġīsl | |
| PGmc *kalbaz | *kalb | calf | kalbaz > kalβa > kalb | |
| PGmc *kalbiz- | OE ċealf | calf | kalbiz- > kalβi > ċielf | ċielf |
| PGmc *kaldaz | OE ċeald | cold | kaldaz > kalda > ċeald | |
| PGmc *gardaz | OE ġeard | enclosure | gardaz > garda > ġeard | |
| PNWGmc *galdraz | OE ġealdor | incantation | galdraz > galdra > ġealdor | |
| PNWGmc *skardaz | OE sċeard | damaged, notched | skardaz > skarda > sċeard | |
| PNWGmc *skarpaz | *skarp | rough | skarpaz > skarpa > skarp | |
| PGmc *gernaz | OE ġeorn | desirous, eager | gernaz > gerna > ġeorn | |
| PNWGmc *gaukaz | OE ġēac | cuckoo | gaukaz > gauka > ġēac | |
| PNWGmc *keulaz | OE ċēol | keel, ship | keulaz > keula > ċēol | |
| PGmc *stikiz | OE stiċe | puncture, point | stikiz > stiki > stiċe | |
| PGmc *mikilaz | OE miċel | big | mikilaz > mikila > miċel | |
| PGmc *slagiz | OE sleġe | blow, stroke | slagiz > slagi > sleġe | |
| PGmc *dagaz | OE dæġ | day | dagaz > daga > dæġ | |
| PGmc *skattaz | OE sċeatt | coin, money | skattaz > skatta > sċeatt | |
| PGmc *skelduz | OE sċield | shield | skelduz > skeldu > sċield | |
| PGmc *druhtiz | OE dryht | war band | druhtiz > druhti > dryht | |
| PGmc *gamundiz | OE ġemynd | memory | gamundiz > gumundiz > gumundi > gomund | gomund |
| PGmc *rugiz | OE ryġe | rye | rugiz > rugi > ryġe | |
| PGmc *wurmiz | OE wyrm | worm, snake | wurmiz > wurmi > wyrm | |
| PGmc *brūdiz | OE brȳd | bride | brūdiz > brūdi > brȳd | |
| PGmc *hūdiz | OE hȳd | skin | hūdiz > hūdi > hȳd | |
| PGmc *matiz | OE mete | food | matiz > mati > mete | |
| PGmc *dailiz | *daili | part | dailiz > daili | |
| PGmc *fiskōþuz | *fiskōþ | fishing | fiskōþuz > fiskōþu > fiskōþ | |
| PNWGmc *eburaz | OE eofor | wild boar | eburaz > eβura > eofor | |
| PGmc *akraz | *akr | field | akraz > akra > akr | |
| PNWGmc *grādagaz | OE grǣdiġ | hungry, greedy | grādagaz > grādaga > grǣdiġ | |
| PNWGmc *māgaz | OE mǣġ | kinsman | māgaz > māga > mǣġ | |
| PNWGmc *swāraz | OE swǣr | heavy | swāraz > swāra > swǣr | |
| PNWGmc *dādiz | OE dǣd | deed | dādiz > dādi > dǣd | |
| PNWGmc *mārijaz | OE mǣre | famous | mārijaz > mārija > mǣre | |
| PGmc *utraz | OE otor | otter | utraz > otraz > otra > otor | |
| PGmc *hulaz | OE hol | hollow | hulaz > holaz > hola > hol | |
| PNWGmc *upanaz | OE open | open | upanaz > opanaz > opana > opan | opan |
| PNWGmc *hulmaz | OE holm | island | hulmaz > holmaz > holma > holm | |
| PGmc *hundaz | OE hund | dog | hundaz > hunda > hund | |
| PGmc *munþaz | OE mūþ | mouth | munþaz > munþa > mūþ | |
| PGmc *jungaz | OE iung | young | jungaz > junga > ġung | ġung |
| PGmc *dumbaz | OE dumb | mute, dumb | dumbaz > dumba > dumb | |
| PGmc *ubilaz | OE yfel | evil, bad | ubilaz > uβila > yfel | |
| PGmc *buriz | OE byre | born | buriz > buri > byre | |
| PGmc *hupiz | OE hype | hip | hupiz > hupi > hype | |
| PGmc *gulþīnaz | OE gylden | golden | gulþīnaz > gulþīna > gylden | |
| PGmc *lustuz | OE lust | desire | lustuz > lustu > lust | |
| PGmc *þunnuz | OE þynne | thin | þunnuz > þunnu > þunn | þunn |
| PGmc *sumaraz | OE sumer | summer | sumaraz > sumara > sumer | |
| PNWGmc *haswaz | *hasu | gray | haswaz > haswa > hasu | |
| PGmc *hirdijaz | *hirdī | herdsman | hirdijaz > hirdija > hirdī | |
| PGmc *irzijaz | *irzī | mistaken, wrong | irzijaz > irzija > irzī | |
| PGmc *hʷītaz | *hwīt | white | hʷītaz > hʷīta > hwīt | |
| PGmc *hʷaitijaz | *hwaitī | wheat | hʷaitijaz > hʷaitija > hwaitī | |
| PGmc *hʷalaz | *hwal | whale | hʷalaz > hʷala > hwal | |
| PGmc *kʷernuz | *kwernu | mill | kʷernuz > kʷernu > kwernu | |
| PGmc *midjaz | *midi | middle | midjaz > midja > midi | |
| PGmc *anþeraz | OE ōþer | other | anþeraz > anþaraz > anþara > ōþer | |
| PGmc *swinþaz | OE swīþ | strong | swinþaz > swinþa > swīþ | |
| PGmc *sinþaz | OE sīþ | going, journey | sinþaz > sinþa > sīþ | |
| PGmc *gunþiz | OE gūþ | battle | gunþiz > gunþi > gȳþ | gȳþ |
| PNWGmc *stinþaz | OE stīþ | stiff | stinþaz > stinþa > stīþ | |
| PNWGmc *unþiz | OE ȳþ | wave | unþiz > unþi > ȳþ | |
| PGmc *anstiz | OE ēst | favor | anstiz > ansti > ēst | |
| PGmc *ansuz | OE ōs | (pagan) god | ansuz > ansu > ōs | |
| PGmc *funsaz | OE fūs | ready, eager | funsaz > funsa > fūs | |
| PNWGmc *spānuz | OE spōn | wood-chip, shaving | spānuz > spānu > spōn | |
| PNWGmc *glāmaz | OE glōm | faint light | glāmaz > glāma > glōm | |
| PGmc *hlaibaz | OE hlāf | bread | hlaibaz > hlaiβa > hlāf | |
| PGmc *aiþaz | OE āþ | oath | aiþaz > aiþa > āþ | |
| PGmc *hailaz | OE hāl | unhurt, healthy | hailaz > haila > hāl | |
| PGmc *snaiwaz | OE snāw | snow | snaiwaz > snaiwa > snāw | |
| PGmc *hafraz | *hafr | he-goat | hafraz > hafra > hafr | |
| PGmc *paþaz | *paþ | path | paþaz > paþa > paþ | |
| PGmc *fastaz | *fast | fixed, firm | fastaz > fasta > fast | |
| PGmc *naglaz | *nagl | nail | naglaz > nagla > nagl | |
| PGmc *waraz | *war | aware, alert | waraz > wara > war | |
| PGmc *smalaz | *smal | small | smalaz > smala > smal | |
| PNWGmc *awalaz | *awal | hook, fork | awalaz > awala > awal | |
| PGmc *balþaz | *balþ | bold, brave | balþaz > balþa > balþ | |
| PGmc *wulþraz | *wulþr | worth | wulþraz > wolþraz > wolþra > wolþr | wolþr |
| PGmc *laubaz | OE lēaf | leaf | laubaz > lauβa > lēaf | |
| PGmc *straumaz | OE strēam | stream | straumaz > strauma > strēam | |
| PGmc *dauþuz | OE dēaþ | death | dauþuz > dauþu > dēaþ | |
| PGmc *daudaz | OE dēad | dead | daudaz > dauda > dēad | |
| PGmc *lausaz | OE lēas | free (from) | lausaz > lausa > lēas | |
| PGmc *hauhaz | OE hēah | high | hauhaz > hauha > hēah | |
| PNWGmc *auraz | OE ēar | earth | auraz > aura > ēar | |
| PGmc *seukaz | OE sēoc | sick | seukaz > seuka > sēoc | |
| PNWGmc *hlahtraz | *hlahtr | laughter | hlahtraz > hlahtra > hlahtr | |
| PGmc *arbaiþiz | *arbaiþi | hardship, hard labor | arbaiþiz > arβēþiz > arβēþi > arbēþ | arbēþ |
| PGmc *arsaz | OE ears | arse | arsaz > arsa > ears | |
| PGmc *farhaz | OE fearh | piglet | farhaz > farha > fearh | |
| PNWGmc *argaz | OE earg | cowardly, effeminate | argaz > arga > earg | |
| PGmc *berhtaz | OE beorht | bright | berhtaz > berhta > beorht | |
| PNWGmc *erlaz | OE eorl | nobleman | erlaz > erla > eorl | |
| PNWGmc *selhaz | OE seolh | seal | selhaz > selha > seolh | |
| PNWGmc *habukaz | OE hafoc | hawk | habukaz > haβuka > hafoc | |
| PNWGmc *sadulaz | OE sadol | saddle | sadulaz > sadula > sadol | |
| PNWGmc *stapulaz | OE stapol | post, pillar | stapulaz > stapula > stapol | |
| PGmc *maguz | *magu | boy | maguz > magu | |
| PNWGmc *laguz | *lagu | water, the sea | laguz > lagu | |
| PNWGmc *staþulaz | OE staþol | act of standing; standing thng | staþulaz > staþula > staþol | |
| PGmc *skōhaz | OE sċōh | shoe | skōhaz > skōha > sċōh | |
| PGmc *lēkijaz | *lākī | physician | lēkijaz > lākijaz > lākija > lākī | |
| PNWGmc *mākijaz | *mākī | sword | mākijaz > mākija > mākī | |
| PGmc *balgiz | OE bielġ | leather bag | balgiz > balgi > bielġ | |
| PGmc *hugiz | OE hyġe | thought, understanding | hugiz > hugi > hyġe | |
| PNWGmc *bankiz | OE benċ | bench | bankiz > banki > benċ | |
| PNWGmc *fangiz | OE fenġ | grasp, booty | fangiz > fangi > fenġ | |
| PNWGmc *strangiz | OE strenġ | string | strangiz > strangi > strenġ | |
| PNWGmc *laugiz | OE līeġ | flame | laugiz > laugi > līeġ | |
| PNWGmc *swōgiz | OE swēġ | sound | swōgiz > swōgi > swēġ | |
| PNWGmc *þangilaz | OE þenġel | prince | þangilaz > þangila > þenġel | |
| PNWGmc *wāgaz | OE wǣġ | wave | wāgaz > wāga > wǣġ | |
| PGmc *wegaz | *weg | way | wegaz > wega > weg | |
| PNWGmc *þegnaz | OE þeġn | retainer, follower | þegnaz > þegna > þeġn | |
| PGmc *būsniz | OE bȳsen | thing offered | būsniz > būsni > bȳsen | |
| PNWGmc *sūliz | OE sȳl | pillar | sūliz > sūli > sȳl | |
| PNWGmc *þrūþiz | OE þrȳþ | power | þrūþiz > þrūþi > þrȳþ | |
| PNWGmc *bōniz | OE bēn | prayer, request | bōniz > bōni > bēn | |
| PNWGmc *kanipaz | OE cenep | moustache | kanipaz > kanipa > cenep | |
| PNWGmc *wāniz | OE wēn | hope, expectation | wāniz > wāni > wēn | |
| PGmc *airiz | OE ǣr | earlier | airiz > airi > ǣr | |
| PGmc *aihtiz | OE ǣht | property, possessions | aihtiz > aihti > ǣht | |
| PGmc *satīniz | OE seten | setting, seating | satīniz > satīni > seten | |
| PGmc *asnijaz | OE esne | harvest-worker, hired man | asnijaz > asnija > esne | |
| PNWGmc *fatilaz | OE fetel | strap | fatilaz > fatila > fetel | |
| PNWGmc *hadinaz | OE heden | hooded jacket | hadinaz > hadina > heden | |
| PNWGmc *fardiz | OE fierd | journey | fardiz > fardi > fierd | |
| PNWGmc *albiz | OE ielfe | elf | albiz > alβi > ielf | ielf |
| PGmc *katilaz | *katil | kettle | katilaz > katila > katil | |
| PGmc *hlautiz | OE hlīet | lot | hlautiz > hlauti > hlīet | |
| PGmc *firriz | OE fierr | further | firriz > firri > fierr | |
| PGmc *siuniz | OE sīen | sight | siuniz > siuni > sīen | |
| PNWGmc *diurijaz | OE dīere | valuable | diurijaz > diurija > dīere | |
| PGmc *wurtiz | *wurti | root, plant | wurtiz > wurti | |
| PGmc *hanapiz | *hanapi | hemp | hanapiz > hanapi > hanap | hanap |
| PNWGmc *herutaz | OE heorot | stag | herutaz > heruta > heorot | |
| PGmc *fagraz | *fagr | beautiful | fagraz > fagra > fagr | |
| PGmc *snutraz | *snotr | wise | snutraz > snotraz > snotra > snotr | |
| PGmc *hlūtraz | *hlūtr | clean | hlūtraz > hlūtra > hlūtr | |
| PNWGmc *þunraz | *þunr | thunder | þunraz > þunra > þunr | |
| PGmc *wintruz | *wintru | winter | wintruz > wintru | |
| PGmc *hʷaþeraz | *hwaþar | which (of the two) | hʷaþeraz > hʷaþaraz > hʷaþara > hwaþar | |
| PNWGmc *winiz | OE wine | friend | winiz > wini > wine | |
| PNWGmc *hailagaz | *hailag | holy | hailagaz > hailaga > hailag | |
| PGmc *mōdaz | OE mōd | mind, sense | mōdaz > mōda > mōd | |
| PGmc *swakkuz | OE swæcc | smell; odour; scent | swakkuz > swakku > swacc | swacc |
| PGmc *alamahtīgaz | OE ælmihtiġ | almighty | alamahtīgaz > alumahtīgaz > alumahtīga > alomiehtiġ | alomiehtiġ |
| PGmc *ainagaz | OE ǣniġ | only; sole; singular; unique | ainagaz > ainaga > āniġ | āniġ |
| PGmc *bakārijaz | OE bæcere | One who creates baked goods; baker | bakārijaz > bakārija > bæcere | |
| PGmc *frōkniz | OE frēcne | daring | frōkniz > frōkni > frēcen | frēcen |
| PGmc *blakaz | OE blæc | burnt | blakaz > blaka > blæc | |
| PNWGmc *swāsaz | OE swǣs | one's own | swāsaz > swāsa > swǣs | |
| PNWGmc *unlādaz | OE unlǣd | poor | unlādaz > unlāda > unled | unled |
| PNWGmc *kʷāniz | OE cwēn | woman, wife | kʷāniz > kʷāni > cwǣn | cwǣn |
| PGmc *saiwiz | OE sǣ | sea | saiwiz > saiwi > sǣ | |
| PGmc *stabaz | OE stæf | staff, letter | stabaz > staβa > stæf | |
| PNWGmc *bitraz | *bitr | bitraz > bitra > bitr | ||
| PGmc *fuglaz | *fugl | bird | fuglaz > foglaz > fogla > fogl | fogl |
| PGmc *apluz | *applu | apple | apluz > aplu | aplu |
| PGmc *agiz- | OE eġe | fear | agiz- > agi > eġe | |
| PGmc *andiz | OE end | earlier, rather | andiz > andi > end | |
| PGmc *ahiz- | OE ēar | ear | ahiz- > ahi > īe | īe |
| PGmc *balgiz | OE belig | leather bag | balgiz > balgi > bieli | bieli |
| PGmc *bariz- | OE bere | barley | bariz- > bari > bere | |
| PGmc *batiz | OE bet | better | batiz > bati > bete | bete |
| PGmc *fleusiz- | OE flēos | fleece | fleusiz- > fleusi > flēos | |
| PGmc *gelwaz | OE geolo | yellow | gelwaz > gelwa > ġielo | ġielo |
| PGmc *gīslaz | OE gīsel | hostage | gīslaz > gīsla > ġīsl | ġīsl |
| PGmc *hatiz- | OE hete | hatred | hatiz- > hati > hete | |
| PGmc *hauhaz | OE hēa | high | hauhaz > hauha > hēah | hēah |
| PGmc *hrefiz- | OE hrif | stomach | hrefiz- > hrefi > hrefe | hrefe |
| PGmc *hrinþiz- | OE hrīþer | cow, bovine | hrinþiz- > hrinþi > hrīþ | hrīþ |
| PGmc *hʷītaz | OE hʷīt | white | hʷītaz > hʷīta > hīt | hīt |
| PGmc *jungaz | OE geong | young | jungaz > junga > ġung | ġung |
| PGmc *klaiwiz- | OE clāfre | clover | klaiwiz- > klaiwi > clǣ | clǣ |
| PGmc *lambiz- | OE lamb | lamb | lambiz- > lambi > lemb | lemb |
| PGmc *lawiz- | OE lēow | ham, thigh | lawiz- > lawi > lee | lee |
| PGmc *luniz- | OE lynis | linchpin | luniz- > luni > lyne | lyne |
| PGmc *mērijaz | OE mǣre | famous | mērijaz > mārijaz > mārija > mǣre | |
| PGmc *saliz- | OE sæl | hall, house | saliz- > sali > sele | sele |
| PGmc *segiz- | OE sigor | victory | segiz- > segi > seġe | seġe |
| PGmc *swēraz | OE swǣr | heavy | swēraz > swāraz > swāra > swǣr | |
| PGmc *utraz | OE oter | otter | utraz > otraz > otra > otr | otr |