From Proto-Germanic to Proto-West Germanic

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PGmc *harjaz	*hari	army	harjaz > harj > hari
PGmc *arundja-	OE ǣrende	errand	arundja- > arundj > arundi > arond	arond
PGmc *lēkja-	OE lǣċe	doctor; leech	lēkja- > lākj > lāki > lǣċ	lǣċ
PGmc *kunją	OE cynn	lineage	kunją > kunj > kuni > cyne	cyne
PGmc *kunja-	OE cynn	lineage	kunja- > kunj > kuni > cyne	cyne
PGmc *arbja-	OE ierfe	inheritance	arbja- > arβj > arβi > ierf	ierf
PGmc *hʷaitja-	OE hwǣte	wheat	hʷaitja- > hwaitj > hwaiti > hwǣt	hwǣt
PGmc *midjaz	*midi	middle	midjaz > midj > midi
PGmc *stukkja-	OE styċċe	piece	stukkja- > stukkj > stukki > styċċ	styċċ
PGmc *deurja-	OE dīere	precious, valuable, expensive	deurja- > deurj > deuri > dēor	dēor
PGmc *hiwją	OE hīew	appearance, blee	hiwją > hiwj > hiwi > hie	hie
PGmc *aiþja-	OE ǣþe	capable of taking an oath	aiþja- > aiþj > aiþi > ǣþ	ǣþ
PGmc *aþulja-	OE æðele	noble	aþulja- > aþulj > aþuli > aþol	aþol
PGmc *awidja-	OE eowde	flock of sheep	awidja- > awidj > awidi > eed	eed
PGmc *badja-	OE bed	bed, bedding	badja- > badj > badi > bede	bede
PGmc *bakja-	OE beċe	creek	bakja- > bakj > baki > beċe
PGmc *baltja-	OE belt	belt	baltja- > baltj > balti > bielt	bielt
PGmc *basja-	OE berige	berry	basja- > basj > basi > bese	bese
PGmc *draugja-	OE drȳge	dry	draugja- > draugj > draugi > drīeġ	drīeġ
PGmc *embja-	OE imbe	swarm of bees	embja- > embj > embi > imb	imb
PGmc *fanja-	OE fen	fen, swamp	fanja- > fanj > fani > fene	fene
PGmc *fergunja-	OE firgen	mountain	fergunja- > fergunj > ferguni > feorgen	feorgen
PGmc *finkja-	OE finċ	finch	finkja- > finkj > finki > finċ
PGmc *flatja-	OE flett	floor	flatja- > flatj > flati > flete	flete
PGmc *hēwja-	OE hāwi	dark blue(?)	hēwja- > hāwj > hāwi > hǣ	hǣ
PGmc *hīwiskja-	OE hīwisc	household	hīwiskja- > hīwiskj > hīwiski > hīesc	hīesc
PGmc *hrairja-	OE hrēre-brǣd	rear	hrairja- > hrairj > hrairi > hrǣr	hrǣr
PGmc *hreþrja-	OE mid-hriðere	diaphragm	hreþrja- > hreþrj > hreþri > hreþer	hreþer
PGmc *hrugja-	OE hrycg	ridge; back	hrugja- > hrugj > hrugi > hryġe	hryġe
PGmc *klainja-	OE clǣne	fine	klainja- > klainj > klaini > clǣn	clǣn
PGmc *lubja-	OE lyb	herb, potion	lubja- > luβj > luβi > lyfe	lyfe
PGmc *mairja-	OE land-gemǣre	mooring-post	mairja- > mairj > mairi > mǣr	mǣr
PGmc *manja-	OE mene	necklace	manja- > manj > mani > mene
PGmc *medja-	OE midde	middle	medja- > medj > medi > mede	mede
PGmc *meltja-	OE milte	milt, spleen	meltja- > meltj > melti > melt	melt
PGmc *nabja-	OE nebb	beak	nabja- > naβj > naβi > nefe	nefe
PGmc *natja-	OE net	net	natja- > natj > nati > nete	nete
PGmc *neþja-	OE niþþas	relative	neþja- > neþj > neþi > neþe	neþe
PGmc *rebja-	OE rib	rib	rebja- > reβj > reβi > refe	refe
PGmc *sagja-	OE secg	man, hero	sagja- > sagj > sagi > seġe	seġe
PGmc *sagja-	OE secg	sedge	sagja- > sagj > sagi > seġe	seġe
PGmc *smahrja-	OE smǣras	lip	smahrja- > smahrj > smahri > smīer	smīer
PGmc *þeudja-	OE ge-þīede	favorable	þeudja- > þeudj > þeudi > þēod	þēod
PGmc *wabja-	OE webb	web	wabja- > waβj > waβi > wefe	wefe
PGmc *wadja-	OE wed	pledge, surety	wadja- > wadj > wadi > wede	wede
PGmc *wagja-	OE wecg	wedge	wagja- > wagj > wagi > weġe	weġe
PGmc *welþja-	OE wild	wild, uncultivated, untamed	welþja- > welþj > welþi > weld	weld
PGmc *wōrja-	OE wēriġ	intoxicated	wōrja- > wōrj > wōri > wēr	wēr
PGmc *wōþja-	OE wēþe	sweet, pleasant	wōþja- > wōþj > wōþi > wēþ	wēþ
PGmc *tangja-	pre-OE *tenġe	approximate	tangja- > tangj > tangi > tenġ	tenġ

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PGmc *balwą	*balu	harm, evil	balwą > balw > balu
PGmc *gelwaz	*gelu	yellow	gelwaz > gelw > gelu
PGmc *sarwą	*saru	device, tool, weapon	sarwą > sarw > saru
PGmc *sarwa-	OE searu	device, tool, weapon	sarwa- > sarw > saru > saru	saru
PNWGmc *haswaz	*hasu	gray	haswaz > hasw > hasu
PGmc *sparwa-	OE spearwa	sparrow	sparwa- > sparw > sparu > sparo	sparo
PNWGmc *nāhʷ-	OE nēah	near	nāhʷ- > nāhw > nāhu > nēah
PGmc *nēhʷa-	OE nēah	near	nēhʷa- > nāhw > nāhu > nēah
PGmc *arwa-	OE earu	ready, fast	arwa- > arw > aru > aru	aru
PGmc *balwa-	OE bealo	evil	balwa- > balw > balu > balo	balo
PGmc *barwa-	OE bearu	grove(?)	barwa- > barw > baru > baru	baru
PGmc *ehʷa-	OE eoh	horse	ehʷa- > ehw > ehu > ēo	ēo
PGmc *falwa-	OE fealo	pale	falwa- > falw > falu > falo	falo
PGmc *ferhʷa-	OE feorh	life, essence	ferhʷa- > ferhw > ferhu > feorh
PGmc *garwa-	OE gearo	ready, finished	garwa- > garw > garu > garo	garo
PGmc *gelwaz	OE geolo	yellow	gelwaz > gelw > gelu > ġielo	ġielo
PGmc *haswa-	OE haso	grey	haswa- > hasw > hasu > haso
PGmc *hurhʷa-	OE horh	dirt, mucus	hurhʷa- > horhw > horhu > horh
PGmc *kalwa-	OE calo	bald	kalwa- > kalw > kalu > calo
PGmc *melwa-	OE melo	meal, flour	melwa- > melw > melu > meolo	meolo
PGmc *narwa-	OE nearu	narrow	narwa- > narw > naru > naru	naru
PGmc *salwa-	OE salo	yellowish brown	salwa- > salw > salu > salo
PGmc *sangwa-	OE sang	singing; song	sangwa- > sangw > sangu > sang
PGmc *smerwa-	OE smeoru	butter, grease	smerwa- > smerw > smeru > smeoru
PGmc *wlakʷa-	OE wlacu	lukewarm, tepid	wlakʷa- > wlakw > wlaku > wlacu

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PGmc *andijaz	*andī	end	andijaz > andij > andī
PGmc *wilþijaz	*wilþī	wild	wilþijaz > wilþij > wilþī
PGmc *rīkiją	*rīkī	kingdom	rīkiją > rīkij > rīkī
PNWGmc *mārijaz	OE mǣre	famous	mārijaz > mārij > mārī > mǣre
PGmc *hirdijaz	*hirdī	herdsman	hirdijaz > hirdij > hirdī
PGmc *arbiją	*arbī	inheritance	arbiją > arβij > arbī
PGmc *irzijaz	*irzī	mistaken, wrong	irzijaz > irzij > irzī
PNWGmc *wītiją	*wītī	punishment	wītiją > wītij > wītī
PGmc *hʷaitijaz	*hwaitī	wheat	hʷaitijaz > hwaitij > hwaitī
PGmc *lēkijaz	*lākī	physician	lēkijaz > lākij > lākī
PNWGmc *mākijaz	*mākī	sword	mākijaz > mākij > mākī
PNWGmc *flikkiją	OE fliċċe	side of bacon	flikkiją > flikkij > flikkī > fliċċe
PNWGmc *stukkiją	OE styċċe	piece	stukkiją > stukkij > stukkī > styċċe
PNWGmc *sigliją	OE siġle	jewelry	sigliją > siglij > siglī > siġle
PGmc *garūniją	*garūnī	(secret) meeting, conspiracy	garūniją > garūnij > garūnī
PGmc *asnijaz	OE esne	harvest-worker, hired man	asnijaz > asnij > asnī > esne
PNWGmc *gamarkiją	OE ġemierċe	mark	gamarkiją > gamarkij > gamarkī > ġemierċe
PNWGmc *diurijaz	OE dīere	valuable	diurijaz > diurij > diurī > dīere
PGmc *bakārijaz	OE bæcere	One who creates baked goods; baker	bakārijaz > bakārij > bakārī > bæcere
PGmc *mērijaz	OE mǣre	famous	mērijaz > mārij > mārī > mǣre
PGmc *stija-	OE stig	sty	stija- > stij > stī	stī

Sequences

pgmc-to-pwgmc: previous pwgmc-labiovelars, next pwgmc-gemination-by-j
pgmc-to-oe: previous pwgmc-labiovelars, next pwgmc-gemination-by-j
pnwgmc-to-pwgmc: previous pwgmc-labiovelars, next pwgmc-gemination-by-j
pnwgmc-to-oe: previous pwgmc-labiovelars, next pwgmc-gemination-by-j