Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PGmc *gaumijaną	ġīeman	to observe	gaumijaną > ġīemjan > ġīeman
PGmc *hungrijaną	hyngran	to be hungry	hungrijaną > hyngrjan > hyngran
PNWGmc *kussijaną	cyssan	to kiss	kussijaną > kyssjan > cyssan
PGmc *kussjan-	cyssan	kiss	kussjan- > kyssjan > cyssan
PNWGmc *fātijana	fǣtan	to adorn	fātijana > fǣtjan > fǣtan
PGmc *hugjaną	hyċġan	to think	hugjaną > hyċġjan > hyċġan
PGmc *wurkijaną	wyrċan	to work, to make	wurkijaną > wyrċjan > wyrċan
PGmc *wurkjan-	wyrċan	to work, to make	wurkjan- > wyrċjan > wyrċan
PGmc *fullijaną	fyllan	to fill	fullijaną > fylljan > fyllan
PGmc *þunkijaną	þynċan	to seem	þunkijaną > þynċjan > þynċan
PGmc *þunkjan-	þynċan	to seem	þunkjan- > þynċjan > þynċan
PWGmc *sittjan	sittan	sit	sittjan > sittan
PGmc *setjan	sittan	sit	setjan > settjan > settan	settan
PWGmc *skappjan	sċieppan	to make, to create	skappjan > sċeppjan > sċeppan	sċeppan
PWGmc *habbjan	hebban	to lift	habbjan > hebbjan > hebban
PWGmc *sattjan	settan	to seat, to set	sattjan > settjan > settan
PGmc *satjan-	settan	to seat, to set	satjan- > settjan > settan
PWGmc *biddjan	biddan	to ask for	biddjan > biddan
PGmc *bedjan-	biddan	to ask for	bedjan- > beddjan > beddan	beddan
PWGmc *hrissjan	hrissan	to shake	hrissjan > hrissan
PWGmc *wakkjan	weċċan	to waken	wakkjan > weċċjan > weċċan
PGmc *wakjan-	weċċan	to waken	wakjan- > weċċjan > weċċan
PWGmc *liggjan	liċġan	to lie	liggjan > liċġjan > liċġan
PWGmc *laggjan	leċġan	to lay	laggjan > leċġjan > leċġan
PGmc *lagjan-	leċġan	to lay	lagjan- > leċġjan > leċġan
PWGmc *buggjan	byċġan	to buy	buggjan > byċġjan > byċġan
PWGmc *hlahhjan	hliehhan	to laugh	hlahhjan > hliehhjan > hliehhan
PWGmc *þannjan	þennan	to extend	þannjan > þennjan > þennan
PWGmc *hallju	hell	hell	hallju > hellju > hellu > hell
PWGmc *alljan	ellen	zeal	alljan > elljan > ellan	ellan
PGmc *aljana-	ellen	zeal	aljana- > elljan > ellan	ellan
PWGmc *willjan	willan	to want	willjan > willan
PGmc *weljan-	willan	to want	weljan- > welljan > wellan	wellan
PWGmc *frammjan	fremman	to further	frammjan > fremmjan > fremman
PWGmc *hauzijan	hīeran	to hear	hauzijan > hīerjan > hīeran
PGmc *hauzjan-	hīeran	to hear	hauzjan- > hīerjan > hīeran
PWGmc *laizijan	lǣran	to teach	laizijan > lǣrjan > lǣran
PGmc *laizjan-	lǣran	to teach	laizjan- > lǣrjan > lǣran
PWGmc *marzijan	mierran	to disturb, to hinder	marzijan > merrjan > merran	merran
PGmc *marzjan-	mierran	to disturb, to hinder, to impede	marzjan- > merrjan > merran	merran
PGmc *nanþijaną	nēþan	to be bold	nanþijaną > nēþjan > nēþan
PGmc *nanþjan-	nēþan	to be bold	nanþjan- > nēþjan > nēþan
PGmc *kunþijaną	cȳþan	to make known	kunþijaną > kȳþjan > cȳþan
PWGmc *fanþijō	fēþa	traveller on foot	fanþijō > fēþjā > fēþā > fēþa
PGmc *fanþjan-	fēþa	foot soldier(?)	fanþjan- > fēþjan > fēþan	fēþan
PNWGmc *wānijaną	wēnan	to expect, to hope	wānijaną > wēnjan > wēnan
PWGmc *lāwijan	lǣwan	to betray	lāwijan > lǣwjan > lǣwan
PGmc *lēwjan-	lǣwan	to betray	lēwjan- > lǣwjan > lǣwan
PWGmc *garwijan	ġierwan	to prepare	garwijan > ġierwjan > ġierwan
PGmc *garwjan-	ġierwan	prepare, make ready	garwjan- > ġierwjan > ġierwan
PWGmc *dōmijan	dēman	to judge	dōmijan > dēmjan > dēman
PWGmc *sōkijan	sēċan	to look for, to seek	sōkijan > sēċjan > sēċan
PGmc *sōkjan-	sēċan	to look for, to seek	sōkjan- > sēċjan > sēċan
PWGmc *raikijan	rǣċan	to reach	raikijan > rǣċjan > rǣċan
PWGmc *kampijō	cempa	warrior	kampijō > kempjā > kempā > cempa
PGmc *drankijaną	drenċan	to give to drink	drankijaną > drenċjan > drenċan
PGmc *drankjan-	drenċan	to give to drink	drankjan- > drenċjan > drenċan
PNWGmc *raukijaną	rīeċan	to cause smoke, to smoke (meat etc.)	raukijaną > rīeċjan > rīeċan
PNWGmc *baugijaną	bīeġan	to bend	baugijaną > bīeġjan > bīeġan
PGmc *baugjan-	bīeġan	(make) bend	baugjan- > bīeġjan > bīeġan
PNWGmc *hnaigijaną	hnǣġan	to lower, to cause to bow	hnaigijaną > hnǣġjan > hnǣġan
PGmc *hnaigjan-	hnǣġan	make bow (down)	hnaigjan- > hnǣġjan > hnǣġan
PWGmc *þrukkijan	þryċċan	to press, to oppress	þrukkijan > þryċċjan > þryċċan
PGmc *rignijaną	riġnan	to rain	rignijaną > riġnjan > riġnan
PNWGmc *siglijaną	siġlan	to sail	siglijaną > siġljan > siġlan
PWGmc *aggju	eċġ	edge	aggju > eċġju > eċġu > eċġ
PNWGmc *þakkjan	þeċċan	to cover	þakkjan > þeċċjan > þeċċan
PWGmc *bruggju	bryċġ	bridge	bruggju > bryċġju > bryċġu > bryċġ
PGmc *furhtijaną	fyrhtan	to frighten	furhtijaną > fyrhtjan > fyrhtan
PGmc *furhtjan-	fyrhtan	to frighten	furhtjan- > fyrhtjan > fyrhtan
PWGmc *dunnjan	dynnan	to make a loud noise	dunnjan > dynnjan > dynnan
PWGmc *wunnju	wynn	joy	wunnju > wynnju > wynnu > wynn
PWGmc *tussjā	tysse	coarse cloth	tussjā > tyssjǣ > tyssǣ > tysse
PNWGmc *dūbijaną	dȳfan	to dip, to immerse	dūbijaną > dȳβjan > dȳβan > dȳfan
PNWGmc *rūmijaną	rȳman	to make room, to clear out	rūmijaną > rȳmjan > rȳman
PNWGmc *snūtijaną	snȳtan	to blow one's nose	snūtijaną > snȳtjan > snȳtan
PWGmc *hlūdijan	hlȳdan	to make a loud noise	hlūdijan > hlȳdjan > hlȳdan
PWGmc *tūnijan	tȳnan	to enclose	tūnijan > tȳnjan > tȳnan
PNWGmc *funsijaną	fȳsan	to make ready to go	funsijaną > fȳsjan > fȳsan
PNWGmc *wunskijaną	wȳsċan	to wish	wunskijaną > wȳsċjan > wȳsċan
PGmc *wunskjan-	wȳsċan	wish	wunskjan- > wȳsċjan > wȳsċan
PWGmc *hunþijan	hȳþan	to plunder, to make captive	hunþijan > hȳþjan > hȳþan
PGmc *fōdijaną	fēdan	to feed	fōdijaną > fēdjan > fēdan
PGmc *fōdjan-	fēdan	to feed	fōdjan- > fēdjan > fēdan
PGmc *wōpijaną	wēpan	to call	wōpijaną > wēpjan > wēpan
PGmc *mōtijaną	mētan	to meet	mōtijaną > mētjan > mētan
PGmc *mōtjan-	mētan	to meet	mōtjan- > mētjan > mētan
PGmc *grōtijaną	grētan	to cause to weep	grōtijaną > grētjan > grētan
PWGmc *fōgijan	fēġan	to fit together	fōgijan > fēġjan > fēġan
PGmc *fōgjan-	fēġan	join together	fōgjan- > fēġjan > fēġan
PWGmc *brōgijan	brēġan	to terrify	brōgijan > brēġjan > brēġan
PGmc *sandijaną	sendan	to send	sandijaną > sendjan > sendan
PGmc *sandjan-	sendan	to send	sandjan- > sendjan > sendan
PGmc *banjō	benn	wound	banjō > bennju > bennu > benn
PNWGmc *sanþijaną	sēþan	to declare true	sanþijaną > sēþjan > sēþan
PGmc *hailijaną	hǣlan	to heal, to cure	hailijaną > hǣljan > hǣlan
PGmc *laibijaną	lǣfan	to leave (over)	laibijaną > lǣβjan > lǣβan > lǣfan
PGmc *laibjan-	lǣfan	to leave (over)	laibjan- > lǣβjan > lǣβan > lǣfan
PGmc *laidijaną	lǣdan	to make go	laidijaną > lǣdjan > lǣdan
PGmc *laidjan-	lǣdan	to make go	laidjan- > lǣdjan > lǣdan
PGmc *laistijaną	lǣstan	to follow	laistijaną > lǣstjan > lǣstan
PGmc *aglijaną	eġlan	to treat badly, to harm	aglijaną > eġljan > eġlan
PNWGmc *hrappijaną	hreppan	to grasp	hrappijaną > hreppjan > hreppan
PWGmc *rafsijan	refsan	to reproach, to blame	rafsijan > refsjan > refsan
PWGmc *rastijan	restan	to rest	rastijan > restjan > restan
PGmc *rakjaną	reċċan	to stretch out	rakjaną > reċċjan > reċċan
PGmc *saljaną	sellan	to hand over, to give	saljaną > selljan > sellan
PGmc *saljan-	sellan	to hand over, to give	saljan- > selljan > sellan
PGmc *sagjaną	seċġan	to say	sagjaną > seċġjan > seċġan
PNWGmc *taljaną	tellan	to count, to narrate	taljaną > telljan > tellan
PGmc *warmijaną	wierman	to warm	warmijaną > wiermjan > wierman
PGmc *wargijaną	wierġan	to condemn	wargijaną > wierġjan > wierġan
PNWGmc *hʷarbijaną	hwierfan	to turn, to change	hʷarbijaną > hwierβjan > hwierβan > hwierfan
PGmc *hʷarbjan-	hwierfan	make turn	hʷarbjan- > hwierβjan > hwierβan > hwierfan
PNWGmc *bargijaną	bierġan	to taste	bargijaną > bierġjan > bierġan
PWGmc *harstijan	hierstan	to roast	harstijan > hierstjan > hierstan
PWGmc *skarpijan	sċierpan	to sharpen	skarpijan > sċierpjan > sċierpan
PWGmc *warnijan	wiernan	to refuse, to deny	warnijan > wiernjan > wiernan
PGmc *hardijaną	hierdan	to harden	hardijaną > hierdjan > hierdan
PNWGmc *halþijaną	hieldan	to tilt, to incline	halþijaną > hieldjan > hieldan
PNWGmc *aldijaną	ieldan	to make old	aldijaną > ieldjan > ieldan
PGmc *galaubijaną	ġelīefan	to believe	galaubijaną > ġælīeβjan > ġælīeβan > ġælīefan	ġælīefan
PGmc *lausijaną	līesan	to release, to set free	lausijaną > līesjan > līesan
PGmc *girnijaną	ġiernan	to be eager for, to desire	girnijaną > ġiernjan > ġiernan
PNWGmc *smirwijaną	smierwan	to smear, to anoint	smirwijaną > smierwjan > smierwan
PWGmc *hirtijan	hiertan	to put heart in (someone)	hirtijan > hiertjan > hiertan
PGmc *liuhtijaną	līehtan	to shine	liuhtijaną > līehtjan > līehtan
PNWGmc *stiurijaną	stīeran	to steer, to direct	stiurijaną > stīerjan > stīeran
PGmc *steurjan-	stīeran	direct	steurjan- > stēorjan > stēoran	stēoran
PWGmc *striunijan	strīenan	to acquire, to gain	striunijan > strīenjan > strīenan
PWGmc *skuldihaitijō	sċyldhǣta	deputy, bailiff	skuldihaitijō > sċyldiohātjā > sċyldiohātā > sċyldēota	sċyldēota
PWGmc *garāfijō	gerefa	count (the male ruler of a county)	garāfijō > ġearǣfjā > ġearǣfā > ġearefa	ġearefa
PWGmc *bifastijan	befæstan	to make fast, secure	bifastijan > bifestjan > bifestan	bifestan
PGmc *abnjaną	efnan	execute	abnjaną > eβnjan > eβnan > efnan
PGmc *amaitjō-	æmette	ant	amaitjō- > amētj > amēt > amet	amet
PGmc *arbjan-	ierfe	heir	arbjan- > ierβjan > ierβan > ierfan	ierfan
PGmc *baidjan-	bǣdan	force, demand	baidjan- > bǣdjan > bǣdan
PGmc *bandjan-	bendan	bend (a bow)	bandjan- > bendjan > bendan
PGmc *banjō	benu	wound	banjō > bennju > bennu > benn	benn
PGmc *bōnjan-	bōnian	decorate	bōnjan- > bēnjan > bēnan	bēnan
PGmc *brannjan-	bærnan	make burn	brannjan- > bærnjan > bærnan
PGmc *brannijaną	bærnan	make burn	brannijaną > bærnjan > bærnan
PGmc *brunjōn-	byrne	breastplate	brunjōn- > brynnjān > brynnān > brynnan	brynnan
PGmc *bulgjan-	bylġian	bellow	bulgjan- > bylġjan > bylġan	bylġan
PGmc *burgjan-	byrian	hide(?)	burgjan- > byrġjan > byrġan > byrian
PGmc *dangjan-	denċġan	beat	dangjan- > denġjan > denġan	denġan
PGmc *draupjan-	drīepan	make drip	draupjan- > drīepjan > drīepan
PGmc *dwaljan-	dwelian	delay, hinder	dwaljan- > dwelljan > dwellan	dwellan
PGmc *fadurwjan-	fædera	paternal uncle, father's brother	fadurwjan- > fadurwjan > fadurwan > fadorwan	fadorwan
PGmc *falljan-	fiellan	fell	falljan- > felljan > fellan	fellan
PGmc *fōljan-	fēlan	feel	fōljan- > fēljan > fēlan
PGmc *fōrjan-	fēran	lead	fōrjan- > fērjan > fēran
PGmc *fūrjan-	fȳran	castrate	fūrjan- > fȳrjan > fȳran
PGmc *gramjan-	gremian	provoke, anger	gramjan- > gremmjan > gremman	gremman
PGmc *grōtjan-	grētan	make shout, greet	grōtjan- > grētjan > grētan
PGmc *gurdjan-	gyrdan	gird	gurdjan- > gyrdjan > gyrdan
PGmc *haljō	hel	hell	haljō > hellju > hellu > hell	hell
PGmc *hangjan-	henġan	to (make) hang	hangjan- > henġjan > henġan
PGmc *hittjan-	hittan	hit (upon)	hittjan- > hittan
PGmc *hlainjan-	hlǣnan	cause to lean	hlainjan- > hlǣnjan > hlǣnan
PGmc *hruþjan-	hryþþa	male dog	hruþjan- > hryþþjan > hryþþan	hryþþan
PGmc *hūzjan-	hȳran	hire	hūzjan- > hȳrjan > hȳran
PGmc *hʷerhʷetjō-	hwerhwette	gourd(?)	hʷerhʷetjō- > hweorhettj > hweorhett > hwēorett	hwēorett
PGmc *jukjan-	ġyċċan	itch	jukjan- > jyċċjan > jyċċan > ġyċċan
PGmc *kambjan-	cemban	comb	kambjan- > kembjan > cemban
PGmc *kanjan-	cennan	bring forth	kanjan- > kennjan > cennan
PGmc *kannjan-	cennan	make known	kannjan- > kennjan > cennan
PGmc *kēgjō-	cǣg	peg, key	kēgjō- > ċīeġju > ċīeġu > ċīeġ	ċīeġ
PGmc *klammjan-	clemman	clamp; to jam	klammjan- > klemmjan > clemman
PGmc *klunjan-	clynnan	sound?	klunjan- > klynnjan > clynnan
PGmc *kruppjan-	cryppan	bend, stoop	kruppjan- > kryppjan > cryppan
PGmc *kʷaljan-	cwellan	make suffer, pain	kʷaljan- > kwelljan > cwellan
PGmc *lakjan-	læċċan	grab	lakjan- > leċċjan > leċċan	leċċan
PGmc *lakjan-	leċċan	cause to leak, moisten	lakjan- > leċċjan > leċċan
PGmc *lamjan-	lemian	beat (up), cripple	lamjan- > lemmjan > lemman	lemman
PGmc *landjō-	lendenu	lower part of the back, kidney, loin	landjō- > lendju > lendu > lend	lend
PGmc *laugnjan-	līegnian	keep hidden, deny	laugnjan- > līegnjan > līegnan	līegnan
PGmc *lepjan-	lippa	lip	lepjan- > leppjan > leppan	leppan
PGmc *mainjan-	mǣnian	think	mainjan- > mǣnjan > mǣnan	mǣnan
PGmc *maldjō-	melde	saltbush, orache	maldjō- > mieldju > mieldu > mield	mield
PGmc *maltjan-	mieltan	make dissolve	maltjan- > mieltjan > mieltan
PGmc *mangjan-	menġan	mix	mangjan- > menġjan > menġan
PGmc *masjinga-	mæsling	brass	masjinga- > messjing > messing > messeng	messeng
PGmc *mērjan-	mǣran	make illustrious	mērjan- > mǣrjan > mǣran
PGmc *neuhsjan-	nēosan	search out	neuhsjan- > nēosjan > nēosan
PWGmc *niuhsijan	nēosan	to spy	niuhsijan > nīesjan > nīesan	nīesan
PGmc *plukkjan-	plyċċean	pluck	plukkjan- > plyċċjan > plyċċan	plyċċan
PGmc *raizjan-	rǣran	cause to rise, raise	raizjan- > rǣrjan > rǣran
PGmc *raupjan-	rīepan	tear (off)	raupjan- > rīepjan > rīepan
PGmc *rōkjan-	rēċan	heed	rōkjan- > rēċjan > rēċan
PGmc *sankʷjan-	sencan	cause to sink	sankʷjan- > senkjan > sencan
PGmc *sebjō-	sib	kinship	sebjō- > sebbju > sebbu > sebb	sebb
PGmc *skaþjan-	sċeþþan	harm, do wrong	skaþjan- > sċeþþjan > sċeþþan
PGmc *spraidjan-	sprǣdan	spread, disperse	spraidjan- > sprǣdjan > sprǣdan
PGmc *sprangjan-	sprenġan	make jump, to make burst	sprangjan- > sprenġjan > sprenġan
PGmc *suhturwjan-	suhtria	brother's son	suhturwjan- > suhturwan > suhtorwan	suhtorwan
PGmc *swabjan-	swebban	cause to sleep	swabjan- > swebbjan > swebban
PGmc *taisjan-	tǣsan	pluck, card, prick	taisjan- > tǣsjan > tǣsan
PGmc *targjan-	tierġan	vex	targjan- > tierġjan > tierġan
PGmc *þaismjan-	þǣsma	sourdough	þaismjan- > þǣsmjan > þǣsman	þǣsman
PGmc *þakjan-	þeċċan	burn	þakjan- > þeċċjan > þeċċan
PGmc *þankjan-	þenċan	think	þankjan- > þenċjan > þenċan
PGmc *þegjan-	þiċġan	request	þegjan- > þeċġjan > þeċġan	þeċġan
PGmc *þragjan-	þrægan	run	þragjan- > þreċġjan > þreċġan	þreċġan
PGmc *þridjan-	þridda	third	þridjan- > þriddjan > þriddan	þriddan
PGmc *walwjan-	wielwan	roll	walwjan- > wielwjan > wielwan
PGmc *wandjan-	wendan	cause to turn	wandjan- > wendjan > wendan
PGmc *weljan-	willa	will, wish	weljan- > welljan > wellan	wellan
PGmc *wrakjan-	wreċċa	persecutor	wrakjan- > wreċċjan > wreċċan	wreċċan
PGmc *wrankjan-	wrenċan	twist, wring	wrankjan- > wrenċjan > wrenċan
PGmc *wratjōn-	wrætte	madder	wratjōn- > wrettjān > wrettān > wrettan	wrettan
PGmc *daugjan-	*dīeġan	endure	daugjan- > dīeġjan > dīeġan
PGmc *hlankjan-	*hlenċan	twist, turn	hlankjan- > hlenċjan > hlenċan
PGmc *swammjan-	*swemman	make swim	swammjan- > swemmjan > swemman
PGmc *wardjan-	*wierdan	cause to degenerate	wardjan- > wierdjan > wierdan
PGmc *balgjan-	belgan	make swell, make angry	balgjan- > bielġjan > bielġan > bielian	bielian
PGmc *tandjan-	*tendan	kindle	tandjan- > tendjan > tendan
PGmc *skrankʷjan-	*sċrencan	make fall(?)	skrankʷjan- > sċrenkjan > sċrencan
PGmc *þunhjan-	*þȳwan	press	þunhjan- > þȳhjan > þȳhan	þȳhan
PGmc *straupjan-	*strīepan	strip	straupjan- > strīepjan > strīepan
PGmc *raubjan-	*rīefan	break (off), tear off, rob	raubjan- > rīeβjan > rīeβan > rīefan
PGmc *þurzjan-	þyrrian	be thirsty	þurzjan- > þyrrjan > þyrran	þyrran
PGmc *ōgjan-	*œgan	fear	ōgjan- > ēġjan > ēġan	ēġan
PGmc *wurgjan-	wyrġan	strangle	wurgjan- > wyrġjan > wyrġan
PGmc *taikjan-	tǣċan	show	taikjan- > tǣċjan > tǣċan
PGmc *slaupjan-	slīepan	roll up	slaupjan- > slīepjan > slīepan
PGmc *kazjan	ċierran	turn, direct	kazjan > ċierjan > ċieran	ċieran
PGmc *klangjan-	clengan	make stick	klangjan- > klenġjan > clenġan	clenġan

Notes

TODO: according to Ringe this applies only to results of syncope, but looks like 'j' actually disappeared in many more cases

Sequences

pwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-i-syncope-near-l, next oe-j-g
pgmc-to-oe: previous oe-i-syncope-near-l, next oe-j-g
pnwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-i-syncope-near-l, next oe-j-g