Etymograph > Indo-European > Old English > Rules > oe-epenthesis

• ∅ > e / C_r# if previous vowel is front

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PWGmc *akr	æcer	field	akr > ækr > æcer
PWGmc *hafr	hæfer	he-goat	hafr > hæfr > hæfer
PGmc *hafra-	hæfer	he-goat	hafra- > hæfr > hæfer
PWGmc *swegru	sweġer	mother-in-law	swegru > sweġr > sweġer
PGmc *swegru-	sweġer	mother-in-law	swegru- > sweġr > sweġer
PNWGmc *feþru	feþer	feather	feþru > feþr > feþer
PWGmc *fagr	fæġer	beautiful	fagr > fæġr > fæġer
PGmc *fagra-	fæġer	beautiful	fagra- > fæġr > fæġer
PNWGmc *legrą	leġer	bed, lair	legrą > leġr > leġer
PWGmc *wintru	winter	winter	wintru > wintr > winter
PWGmc *leþr	leþer	leather	leþr > leþer
PGmc *leþra-	leþer	leather	leþra- > leþr > leþer
PWGmc *timr	timber	timber	timr > timer	timer
PGmc *timbra-	timber	timber	timbra- > timbr > timber
PWGmc *bitr	biter	bitter	bitr > biter
PNWGmc *libru	lifer	liver	libru > lifr > lifer
PGmc *librō-	lifer	liver	librō- > lifr > lifer
PGmc *agra-	eagor	flood	agra- > æġr > æġer	æġer
PGmc *ēþrō-	ǣdre	vein, rivulet	ēþrō- > ǣþr > ǣþer	ǣþer
PGmc *fingra-	finger	finger	fingra- > fingr > finger
PGmc *gestra-	geostran-dæg	the previous or next day	gestra- > ġiestr > ġiester	ġiester
PGmc *hreþra-	hrēaðe-mūs	bat	hreþra- > hreþr > hreþer	hreþer
PGmc *hreþrja-	mid-hriðere	diaphragm	hreþrja- > hreþr > hreþer	hreþer
PGmc *hrīdra-	hrīdder	sieve	hrīdra- > hrīdr > hrīder	hrīder
PGmc *kebra-	ceafor	beetle	kebra- > ċiefr > ċiefer	ċiefer
PGmc *kelurō-	ceoler	throat	kelurō- > ċielr > ċieler	ċieler
PGmc *magra-	mæġer	lean	magra- > mæġr > mæġer
PGmc *tagra-	tæhher	tear	tagra- > tæġr > tæġer	tæġer
PGmc *tetru-	teter	tetter	tetru- > tetr > teter
PGmc *tibra-	tiber	sacrifice	tibra- > tifr > tifer	tifer
PGmc *þemestra-	þīestre	dark, dusky	þemestra- > þimestr > þimester	þimester
PGmc *wakra-	wacor	alert, awake	wakra- > wækr > wæcer	wæcer
PGmc *weþra-	weder	weather	weþra- > weþr > weþer	weþer
PGmc *weþru-	weðer	(male) lamb; yearling	weþru- > weþr > weðer
PGmc *wiþra	wiðer	toward, against	wiþra > wiþr > wiðer

• ∅ > o / C_r# if previous vowel is back

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PNWGmc *galdraz	ġealdor	incantation	galdraz > ġealdr > ġealdor
PGmc *silubrą	siolfor	silver	silubrą > siolufr > siolufor > seolofor	seolofor
PWGmc *morþr	morþor	murder	morþr > morþor
PGmc *utraz	otor	otter	utraz > otr > otor
PWGmc *wulþr	wuldor	worth	wulþr > wuldr > wuldor
PWGmc *hlahtr	hleahtor	laughter	hlahtr > hleahtr > hleahtor
PGmc *hlahtra-	hleahtor	laughter	hlahtra- > hleahtr > hleahtor
PWGmc *fōdr	fōdor	sheath	fōdr > fōdor
PGmc *fōdra-	fōdor	sheath	fōdra- > fōdr > fōdor
PWGmc *hleuþr	hlēoþor	noise	hleuþr > hlēoþr > hlēoþor
PWGmc *snotr	snotor	wise	snotr > snotor
PWGmc *hlūtr	hlūtor	clean	hlūtr > hlūtor
PWGmc *þunr	þunor	thunder	þunr > þunor
PWGmc *wundr	wundor	marvel, wonder	wundr > wundor
PWGmc *rōþr	rōþor	oar	rōþr > rōþor
PGmc *aibra-	āfor	harsh	aibra- > āfr > āfor
PGmc *aitra-	āttor	poison; pus	aitra- > ātr > ātor	ātor
PGmc *aldra-	aldor	age, life(span)	aldra- > ealdr > ealdor	ealdor
PGmc *apaldra-	apuldre	apple-tree	apaldra- > æpealdr > æpealdor	æpealdor
PGmc *eudra-	ūder	udder	eudra- > ēodr > ēodor	ēodor
PGmc *fōþra-	fōðor	load; vessel; fodder	fōþra- > fōþr > fōðor
PGmc *haidra-	hādor	clear	haidra- > hādr > hādor
PGmc *hrōþra-	hrōðor	praise	hrōþra- > hrōþr > hrōðor
PGmc *hungru-	hungor	hunger	hungru- > hungr > hungor
PGmc *kurþra-	corðor	flock	kurþra- > korþr > corðor
PGmc *lahtra-	leahtor	vice	lahtra- > leahtr > leahtor
PGmc *lauþra-	lēaðor	lather	lauþra- > lēaþr > lēaðor
PGmc *rōþra-	rōdor	rudder	rōþra- > rōþr > rōþor	rōþor
PGmc *silubra-	seolfor	silver	silubra- > siolufr > siolufor > seolufor	seolufor
PGmc *skuldra-	sċuldor	shoulder	skuldra- > sċoldr > sċoldor	sċoldor
PGmc *tundra-	tynder	tinder	tundra- > tundr > tundor	tundor
PGmc *þurzu-	þyrre	dry	þurzu- > þurr > þuror	þuror
PGmc *wōkra-	wōcor	growth	wōkra- > wōkr > wōcor

• ∅ > e / C_l# if previous sound is not coronal obstruent and previous sound is not labial fricative and previous sound is not 'ġ' and previous vowel is front

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PWGmc *applu	æppel	apple	applu > æpl > æpel	æpel
PWGmc *spinnilu	spinel	spindle	spinnilu > spinl > spinel

• ∅ > o / C_l# if previous sound is not coronal obstruent and previous sound is not labial fricative and previous sound is not 'ġ' and previous vowel is back

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PNWGmc *kumlą	cumbol	sign	kumlą > kuml > cumol	cumol
PWGmc *fugl	fugol	bird	fugl > fugol
PWGmc *tungl	tungol	luminary	tungl > tungol
PGmc *tungla-	tungol	star, celestial body(?)	tungla- > tungl > tungol

• ∅ > e / C_n# if previous sound is not 'r' and previous sound is not 'l' and (previous vowel is long or previous vowel is diphthong or second previous sound is consonant)

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PWGmc *wāpn	wǣpen	weapon	wāpn > wǣpn > wǣpen
PGmc *būsniz	bȳsen	thing offered	būsniz > bȳsn > bȳsen
PGmc *frōkniz	frēcne	daring	frōkniz > frēkn > frēcen	frēcen
PWGmc *taikn	tācen	sign	taikn > tākn > tācen
PWGmc *faikn	fācen	hostility, evil	faikn > fākn > fācen
PWGmc *baukn	bēacen	sign	baukn > bēakn > bēacen
PWGmc *wolkn	wolcen	cloud	wolkn > wolcen
PGmc *fergunja-	firgen	mountain	fergunja- > feorgn > feorgen	feorgen
PGmc *mulkna-	molcen	dairy	mulkna- > molkn > molcen

• ∅ > u / C_m# if previous sound is not 'r' and previous sound is not 'l'

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PGmc *aiþma-	āðum	son-in-law	aiþma- > āþm > āðum
PGmc *bagma-	bēam	beam, tree	bagma- > bæġm > bæġum > bæġom	bæġom

Sequences

pwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-back-umlaut, next oe-unstressed-vowel-merger
pgmc-to-oe: previous oe-back-umlaut, next oe-unstressed-vowel-merger
pnwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-back-umlaut, next oe-unstressed-vowel-merger