Etymograph : Old English : Rules : oe-unstressed-vowel-merger

Etymograph > Indo-European > Old English > Rules > oe-unstressed-vowel-merger

Source: Ringe 2014:332 (6.9.6), Hogg 2011:6.46

Ringe 2014: 334: inherited æ adjacent to palatals eventually became i

æ > i / _{ġ|ċ} if sound is non-stressed and (syllable is last or syllable is first)

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PNWGmc *grādagaz	grǣdiġ	hungry, greedy	grādagaz > grǣdæġ > grǣdiġ
PNWGmc *hunagą	huniġ	honey	hunagą > hunæġ > huniġ
PWGmc *hailag	hāliġ	holy	hailag > hālæġ > hāliġ
PGmc *ainagaz	ǣniġ	only; sole; singular; unique	ainagaz > ānæġ > āniġ	āniġ
PGmc *managa-	maniġ	many	managa- > manæġ > maniġ

merger of æ and i as e in unstressed word-final and other inflectional syllables Hogg 2011:6.48

æ > e if sound is non-stressed

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PGmc *fader-	fæder	father	fader- > fædær > fæder
PWGmc *feuwar	fēower	four	feuwar > fēowær > fēower
PGmc *fedwar-	fēower	four	fedwar- > fēowær > fēower
PWGmc *kirikā	ċiriċe	church	kirikā > ċiriċæ > ċiriċe
PWGmc *obar	ofer	over	obar > ofær > ofer
PGmc *sumaraz	sumer	summer	sumaraz > sumær > sumer
PWGmc *watar	wæter	water	watar > wætær > wæter
PGmc *watar-	wæter	water	watar- > wætær > wæter
PWGmc *tungā	tunge	tongue	tungā > tungæ > tunge
PWGmc *hertā	heorte	heart	hertā > heortæ > heorte
PGmc *anþeraz	ōþer	other	anþeraz > ōþær > ōþer
PGmc *anþara-	ōþer	other	anþara- > ōþær > ōþer
PWGmc *anslā	ōsle	blackbird	anslā > ōslæ > ōsle
PWGmc *jāmar	ġeōmor	lamentation; sad	jāmar > ġōmær > ġōmer	ġōmer
PWGmc *saipā	sāpe	soap	saipā > sāpæ > sāpe
PWGmc *awal	awel	hook, fork	awal > awæl > awel
PWGmc *gafehan	ġefēon	to rejoice	gafehan > ġæfēon > ġefēon
PWGmc *sihhwā	seohhe	sieve	sihhwā > siohhæ > siohhe > seohhe
PWGmc *swalwā	swealwe	swallow	swalwā > swealwæ > swealwe
PWGmc *nakwad	nacod	naked	nakwad > nækæd > næced	næced
PWGmc *gafrāgī	ġefrǣġe	known, famous	gafrāgī > ġeafræġi > ġeafreġe	ġeafreġe
PWGmc *skākārī	sċēacere	robber	skākārī > sċēakæri > sċēacere
PWGmc *tussjā	tysse	coarse cloth	tussjā > tyssæ > tysse
PWGmc *garūnī	ġerȳne	(secret) meeting, conspiracy	garūnī > ġærȳni > ġerȳne
PWGmc *agiþā	eġeþe	rake, harrow	agiþā > eġiþæ > eġiþe	eġiþe
PWGmc *laiwazikā	lāwriċe	lark	laiwazikā > lawrċæ > lawrċe	lawrċe
PWGmc *grundilā	gryndle	name of a species of fish	grundilā > gryndlæ > gryndle
PWGmc *hwaþar	hwæþer	which (of the two)	hwaþar > hwæþær > hwæþer
PGmc *hʷaþera-	hwæþer	who of two?	hʷaþera- > hwæþær > hweþer	hweþer
PWGmc *hosā	hose	outer cover, shell	hosā > hosæ > hose
PWGmc *buterā	butere	butter	buterā > butræ > butre	butre
PWGmc *garāfijō	gerefa	count (the male ruler of a county)	garāfijō > ġearæfa > ġearefa	ġearefa
PWGmc *bifastijan	befæstan	to make fast, secure	bifastijan > bifæstan > bifestan	bifestan
PGmc *bakārijaz	bæcere	One who creates baked goods; baker	bakārijaz > bækæri > bæcere
PNWGmc *unlādaz	unlǣd	poor	unlādaz > unlæd > unled	unled
PGmc *saiwalō	sāwl	soul	saiwalō > sāwæl > sāwel	sāwel
PGmc *anad-	ænid	duck	anad- > ænæd > æned	æned
PGmc *austera-	ēast	east, eastwards	austera- > ēastær > ēaster	ēaster
PGmc *after	æfter	behind	after > æftær > æfter
PGmc *awala-	awul	awl	awala- > awæl > awel	awel
PGmc *brōþer-	brōþor	brother	brōþer- > brōþær > brōþer	brōþer
PGmc *dōgera-	dōgor	a full day, twenty-four hours	dōgera- > dōgær > dōger	dōger
PGmc *duhter-	dohtor	daughter	duhter- > dohtær > dohter	dohter
PGmc *edara-	eodor	edge; fence	edara- > edær > eder	eder
PGmc *gamala-	gamol	old	gamala- > gamæl > gamel	gamel
PGmc *hamara-	hamor	hammer	hamara- > hamær > hamer	hamer
PGmc *hiar	hēr	here	hiar > hiær > hier	hier
PGmc *īdala-	īdel	void, idle, futile	īdala- > īdæl > īdel
PGmc *magaþi-	mæġð	girl, maiden	magaþi- > mæġæþ > mæġeþ	mæġeþ
PGmc *mōder-	mōdor	mother	mōder- > mōdær > mōder	mōder
PGmc *nikʷasa-	nicor	water monster	nikʷasa- > nikæs > nices	nices
PGmc *niþera-	niþer	down	niþera- > niþær > niþer
PGmc *ōþala-	ōðel	patrimony	ōþala- > ōþæl > ōðel
PGmc *sunþera-	sūþ	south, southwards	sunþera- > sūþær > sūþer	sūþer
PGmc *swester-	sweostor	sister	swester- > swestær > swester	swester
PGmc *taikʷer-	tācor	brother-in-law	taikʷer- > tākær > tācer	tācer

Hogg 2011:6.50

i > e if sound is non-stressed and syllable is last and (sound is word-final or next sound is not postalveolar)

Examples

From	To	Gloss	Steps	Expected
PWGmc *ārundī	ǣrende	message, errand	ārundī > ārundi > ārunde > āronde	āronde
PWGmc *kisil	ċisel	gravel	kisil > ċisil > ċisel
PWGmc *gibiþī	ġifeþe	given, granted (by fate)	gibiþī > ġifiþi > ġifiþe	ġifiþe
PWGmc *kaldī	ċieldu	coldness	kaldī > ċieldi > ċielde	ċielde
PWGmc *skaunī	sċīene	beautiful	skaunī > sċīeni > sċīene
PWGmc *lākī	lǣċe	physician	lākī > lǣċi > lǣċe
PWGmc *rīkī	rīċe	kingdom	rīkī > rīċi > rīċe
PGmc *stikiz	stiċe	puncture, point	stikiz > stiċi > stiċe
PGmc *mikilaz	miċel	big	mikilaz > miċil > miċel
PGmc *mekila-	miċel	big	mekila- > meċil > meċel	meċel
PGmc *slagiz	sleġe	blow, stroke	slagiz > sleġi > sleġe
PWGmc *mirkwī	mirce	dark	mirkwī > mierki > mierce	mierce
PGmc *rugiz	ryġe	rye	rugiz > ryġi > ryġe
PWGmc *brūkī	brȳċe	useful	brūkī > brȳċi > brȳċe
PWGmc *swōtī	swēte	sweet, pleasant	swōtī > swēti > swēte
PGmc *matiz	mete	food	matiz > meti > mete
PNWGmc *mārijaz	mǣre	famous	mārijaz > mǣri > mǣre
PGmc *ubilaz	yfel	evil, bad	ubilaz > yfil > yfel
PGmc *buriz	byre	born	buriz > byri > byre
PGmc *buri-	byre	son	buri- > byri > byre
PGmc *hupiz	hype	hip	hupiz > hypi > hype
PGmc *kunją	cynn	lineage	kunją > kyni > cyne	cyne
PGmc *kunja-	cynn	lineage	kunja- > kyni > cyne	cyne
PGmc *gulþīnaz	gylden	golden	gulþīnaz > gyldin > gylden
PWGmc *andī	ende	end	andī > endi > ende
PWGmc *hirdī	hierde	herdsman	hirdī > hierdi > hierde
PWGmc *arbī	ierfe	inheritance	arbī > ierfi > ierfe
PWGmc *wītī	wīte	punishment	wītī > wīti > wīte
PWGmc *hwaitī	hwǣte	wheat	hwaitī > hwǣti > hwǣte
PGmc *hʷali-	hwæl	whale	hʷali- > hweli > hwele	hwele
PWGmc *midi	midd	middle	midi > mide	mide
PWGmc *linþī	līþe	gentle	linþī > līþi > līþe
PWGmc *wilþī	wilde	wild	wilþī > wildi > wilde
PWGmc *mākī	mēċe	sword	mākī > mǣċi > mǣċe	mǣċe
PGmc *hugiz	hyġe	thought, understanding	hugiz > hyġi > hyġe
PNWGmc *flikkiją	fliċċe	side of bacon	flikkiją > fliċċi > fliċċe
PNWGmc *stukkiją	styċċe	piece	stukkiją > styċċi > styċċe
PWGmc *gafrāgī	ġefrǣġe	known, famous	gafrāgī > ġeafræġi > ġeafreġe	ġeafreġe
PWGmc *bruki	bryċe	(a) break	bruki > bryċi > bryċe
PGmc *bruki-	bryċe	breach	bruki- > bryċi > bryċe
PWGmc *waigī	wǣġe	cup	waigī > wǣġi > wǣġe
PNWGmc *þangilaz	þenġel	prince	þangilaz > þenġil > þenġel
PWGmc *hangist	henġest	stallion	hangist > henġist > henġest
PGmc *hangista-	henġest	horse; stallion(?); gelding(?)	hangista- > henġist > henġest
PWGmc *tikkīn	tiċċen	kid	tikkīn > tiċċin > tiċċen
PWGmc *angil	enġel	angel	angil > enġil > enġel
PNWGmc *sigliją	siġle	jewelry	sigliją > siġli > siġle
PWGmc *skākārī	sċēacere	robber	skākārī > sċēakæri > sċēacere
PWGmc *kuning	cyning	headman	kuning > kyning > cyneng	cyneng
PGmc *kuninga-	cyning	headman	kuninga- > kyning > cyneng	cyneng
PWGmc *garūnī	ġerȳne	(secret) meeting, conspiracy	garūnī > ġærȳni > ġerȳne
PWGmc *sūbrī	sȳfre	sober, chaste, clean	sūbrī > sȳfri > sȳfre
PWGmc *grōnī	grēne	green	grōnī > grēni > grēne
PNWGmc *kanipaz	cenep	moustache	kanipaz > kenip > cenep
PWGmc *hamiþī	hemeþe	shirt	hamiþī > hemiþi > hemiþe	hemiþe
PWGmc *samftī	sēfte	soft, gentle	samftī > sēfti > sēfte
PGmc *satīniz	seten	setting, seating	satīniz > setin > seten
PGmc *asnijaz	esne	harvest-worker, hired man	asnijaz > esni > esne
PWGmc *awi	eowu	ewe	awi > ei > ee	ee
PWGmc *hari	here	army	hari > heri > here
PNWGmc *fatilaz	fetel	strap	fatilaz > fetil > fetel
PNWGmc *hadinaz	heden	hooded jacket	hadinaz > hedin > heden
PWGmc *darnī	dierne	secret	darnī > dierni > dierne
PNWGmc *gamarkiją	ġemierċe	mark	gamarkiją > gamierċi > gamierċe	gamierċe
PWGmc *katil	ċytel	kettle	katil > ċietil > ċietel	ċietel
PWGmc *auþī	īeþe	easy	auþī > īeþi > īeþe
PWGmc *kāsī	ċȳse	chieese	kāsī > ċīesi > ċīese	ċīese
PNWGmc *diurijaz	dīere	valuable	diurijaz > dīeri > dīere
PWGmc *kliuwīn	clīewen	little ball	kliuwīn > klīei > clīee	clīee
PWGmc *ubisu	yfes	hall	ubisu > yfis > yfes
PWGmc *firinu	firen	crime	firinu > firin > firen
PWGmc *luginu	lyġen	lie	luginu > lyġin > lyġen
PGmc *luginō-	lyġen	lie, falsehood	luginō- > lyġin > lyġen
PGmc *hanipa-	henep	hemp	hanipa- > henip > henep
PWGmc *stahlī	stīele	steel weapon	stahlī > stīeli > stīele
PWGmc *þurhil	þȳrel	perforated	þurhil > þȳril > þȳrel
PNWGmc *winiz	wine	friend	winiz > wini > wine
PGmc *weni-	wine	friend	weni- > wene	wene
PWGmc *irzī	ierre	mistaken, wrong	irzī > ierri > ierre
PGmc *hiwją	hīew	appearance, blee	hiwją > hii > hie	hie
PWGmc *weraldi	weorold	world	weraldi > werield > wereeld	wereeld
PWGmc *faitid	fǣtt	fattened, made fat	faitid > fǣtid > fǣted	fǣted
PGmc *bakārijaz	bæcere	One who creates baked goods; baker	bakārijaz > bækæri > bæcere
PWGmc *hard(ī)	heard	hard	hard(ī) > hierd(i) > hierd(e)	hierd(e)
PGmc *agiz-	eġe	fear	agiz- > eġi > eġe
PGmc *agila-	eġl	awn	agila- > eġil > eġel	eġel
PGmc *ailida-	ǣled	fire	ailida- > ǣlid > ǣled
PGmc *ainalifa-	endlufon	eleven	ainalifa- > ānlif > ānlef	ānlef
PGmc *alis-	alor	alder	alis- > elis > eles	eles
PGmc *awi-	ēow	sheep	awi- > ei > ee	ee
PGmc *awidja-	eowde	flock of sheep	awidja- > eid > eed	eed
PGmc *awista-	ēowestre	sheepfold	awista- > eist > eest	eest
PGmc *badja-	bed	bed, bedding	badja- > bedi > bede	bede
PGmc *bakja-	beċe	creek	bakja- > beċi > beċe
PGmc *bariz-	bere	barley	bariz- > beri > bere
PGmc *basja-	berige	berry	basja- > besi > bese	bese
PGmc *batiz	bet	better	batiz > beti > bete	bete
PGmc *deli-	dile	dill	deli- > dele	dele
PGmc *edis-	ides	(noble, divine) lady	edis- > edes	edes
PGmc *egila-	igil	hedgehog, sea urchin	egila- > eġil > eġel	eġel
PGmc *fanja-	fen	fen, swamp	fanja- > feni > fene	fene
PGmc *flatja-	flett	floor	flatja- > fleti > flete	flete
PGmc *furi	for	in front of, for	furi > fyri > fyre	fyre
PGmc *hanhila-	hēla	heel	hanhila- > hēhil > hēhel	hēhel
PGmc *harbista-	hærfest	autumn, fall	harbista- > hierfist > hierfest	hierfest
PGmc *hatiz-	hete	hatred	hatiz- > heti > hete
PGmc *hemina-	heofon	heaven	hemina- > himin > himen	himen
PGmc *hīwiskja-	hīwisc	household	hīwiskja- > hīisk > hīesc	hīesc
PGmc *hluni-	hlyn	maple tree	hluni- > hlyni > hlyne	hlyne
PGmc *hōkīna-	hēċen	kid, young goat	hōkīna- > hēċin > hēċen
PGmc *hrefiz-	hrif	stomach	hrefiz- > hrefi > hrefe	hrefe
PGmc *hreflinga-	hrifeling	shoe	hreflinga- > hrefling > hrefleng	hrefleng
PGmc *hrugja-	hrycg	ridge; back	hrugja- > hryġi > hryġe	hryġe
PGmc *iliþ-	ile	sole of the foot	iliþ- > ileþ	ileþ
PGmc *kisila-	ciosol	gravel	kisila- > ċisil > ċisel	ċisel
PGmc *krupila-	crypel	cripple	krupila- > krypil > crypel
PGmc *lasiwa-	lysu	weak, feeble	lasiwa- > lesiow > leseow	leseow
PGmc *lawiz-	lēow	ham, thigh	lawiz- > lei > lee	lee
PGmc *lītila-	lȳtel	small	lītila- > lītil > lītel	lītel
PGmc *lubja-	lyb	herb, potion	lubja- > lyfi > lyfe	lyfe
PGmc *lugi-	lygge	deceitful, false	lugi- > lyġi > lyġe	lyġe
PGmc *luniz-	lynis	linchpin	luniz- > lyni > lyne	lyne
PGmc *manja-	mene	necklace	manja- > meni > mene
PGmc *manniska-	mennisc	human	manniska- > mennisk > mennesc	mennesc
PGmc *mari-	mere	lake, sea	mari- > meri > mere
PGmc *masjinga-	mæsling	brass	masjinga- > messing > messeng	messeng
PGmc *medi	mid	with	medi > mede	mede
PGmc *medja-	midde	middle	medja- > medi > mede	mede
PGmc *mērijaz	mǣre	famous	mērijaz > mǣri > mǣre
PGmc *muni-	myne	thought, mind	muni- > myni > myne
PGmc *muwī-	mycge	mosquito	muwī- > myi > mye	mye
PGmc *nabja-	nebb	beak	nabja- > nefi > nefe	nefe
PGmc *natja-	net	net	natja- > neti > nete	nete
PGmc *neþja-	niþþas	relative	neþja- > neþi > neþe	neþe
PGmc *nuti-	nyt	useful	nuti- > nyti > nyte	nyte
PGmc *pagila-	pæġel	measuring stick(?)	pagila- > peġil > peġel	peġel
PGmc *rebja-	rib	rib	rebja- > refi > refe	refe
PGmc *runi-	ryne	run, stream	runi- > ryni > ryne
PGmc *rusila-	rysel	fat	rusila- > rysil > rysel
PGmc *sagja-	secg	man, hero	sagja- > seġi > seġe	seġe
PGmc *sagja-	secg	sedge	sagja- > seġi > seġe	seġe
PGmc *saliz-	sæl	hall, house	saliz- > seli > sele	sele
PGmc *segiz-	sigor	victory	segiz- > seġi > seġe	seġe
PGmc *skriþi-	sċriþe	pace	skriþi- > sċriþi > sċriþe
PGmc *skuti-	sċyte	shooting	skuti- > sċyti > sċyte
PGmc *stadi-	stede	place, town	stadi- > stedi > stede
PGmc *swuli-	swyle	boil	swuli- > swyli > swyle
PGmc *twalifa-	twelf	twelve	twalifa- > twelif > twelef	twelef
PGmc *þuli-	þyle	reciter	þuli- > þyli > þyle
PGmc *þurisa-	þyrs	giant	þurisa- > þyris > þyres	þyres
PGmc *wabja-	webb	web	wabja- > wefi > wefe	wefe
PGmc *wadja-	wed	pledge, surety	wadja- > wedi > wede	wede
PGmc *wagja-	wecg	wedge	wagja- > weġi > weġe	weġe
PGmc *werila-	weleras	lip	werila- > weril > werel	werel

Sequences

pwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-epenthesis, next oe-unstressed-vowel-u
pgmc-to-oe: previous oe-epenthesis, next oe-unstressed-vowel-u
pnwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-epenthesis, next oe-unstressed-vowel-u