| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PWGmc *kinnu | ċinn | jaw | kinnu > ċinnu > ċinn | |
| PWGmc *kisil | ċisel | gravel | kisil > ċisil > ċisel | |
| PWGmc *kirikā | ċiriċe | church | kirikā > kirikǣ > ċiriċǣ > ċiriċe | |
| PWGmc *kīp | ċīp | embryo, shoot | kīp > ċīp | |
| PWGmc *kalb | ċealf | calf | kalb > kealβ > ċealβ > ċealf | |
| PGmc *kalbiz- | ċealf | calf | kalbiz- > kealβi > ċealβi > ċielf | ċielf |
| PGmc *kaldaz | ċeald | cold | kaldaz > keald > ċeald | |
| PWGmc *kaldī | ċieldu | coldness | kaldī > kealdī > ċealdī > ċielde | ċielde |
| PWGmc *kerban | ċeorfan | to carve, to cut | kerban > keorβan > ċeorβan > ċeorfan | |
| PGmc *kerban- | ċeorfan | carve | kerban- > keorβan > ċeorβan > ċeorfan | |
| PWGmc *keusan | ċēosan | to choose | keusan > kēosan > ċēosan | |
| PGmc *keusan- | ċēosan | to test | keusan- > kēosan > ċēosan | |
| PNWGmc *keulaz | ċēol | keel, ship | keulaz > kēol > ċēol | |
| PWGmc *kaup | ċēap | trade, purchase | kaup > kēap > ċēap | |
| PWGmc *kabisi | ċiefes | concubine | kabisi > kæβisi > ċæβisi > ċiefs | ċiefs |
| PWGmc *katil | ċytel | kettle | katil > kætil > ċætil > ċietel | ċietel |
| PWGmc *kāsī | ċȳse | chieese | kāsī > kǣsī > ċǣsī > ċīese | ċīese |
| PWGmc *kawwjan | ċīeġan | to call | kawwjan > kēajan > ċēajan > ċīeġan | |
| PGmc *kaujan- | ċīeġan | call, shout | kaujan- > kēajan > ċēajan > ċīeġan | |
| PGmc *kalzōjan- | ċeallian | call, shout | kalzōjan- > kealrōjan > ċealrōjan > ċealrian | ċealrian |
| PGmc *kawō- | ċēo | jackdaw | kawō- > kēa > ċēa | ċēa |
| PGmc *kebra- | ceafor | beetle | kebra- > keβr > ċeβr > ċiefer | ċiefer |
| PGmc *kēgjō- | cǣg | peg, key | kēgjō- > kǣgju > ċǣġju > ċīeġ | ċīeġ |
| PGmc *kelōn- | ceole | throat | kelōn- > kelān > ċelān > ċielan | ċielan |
| PGmc *kelurō- | ceoler | throat | kelurō- > keluru > ċeluru > ċieler | ċieler |
| PGmc *kerla- | ċeorl | man, freeman | kerla- > keorl > ċeorl | |
| PGmc *kerzan- | ċeorran | creak, to cry (of birds) | kerzan- > keorran > ċeorran | |
| PGmc *kewwan- | ċēowan | chew | kewwan- > kēowan > ċēowan | |
| PGmc *kimbōn- | cimb-stān | crest, ridge | kimbōn- > kimbān > ċimbān > ċimban | ċimban |
| PGmc *kīnan- | ċīnan | burst open, germinate | kīnan- > ċīnan | |
| PGmc *kippōn- | ċippian | chop(?) | kippōn- > kippōjan > ċippōjan > ċippian | |
| PGmc *kisila- | ciosol | gravel | kisila- > kisil > ċisil > ċisel | ċisel |
| PGmc *kitōn- | citelian | tickle | kitōn- > kitōjan > ċitōjan > ċitian | ċitian |
| PGmc *kīþa- | ċīð | sprout, bud | kīþa- > kīþ > ċīð | |
| PGmc *kizna- | cēn | pine tree | kizna- > kiorn > ċiorn > ċeorn | ċeorn |
| PGmc *kazjan | ċierran | turn, direct | kazjan > kærjan > ċærjan > ċieran | ċieran |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PGmc *skipą | sċip | ship | skipą > skip > sċip | |
| PGmc *skipa- | sċip | ship | skipa- > skip > sċip | |
| PGmc *skīnaną | sċīnan | shine | skīnaną > skīnan > sċīnan | |
| PWGmc *lākī | lǣċe | physician | lākī > lǣkī > lǣċī > lǣċe | |
| PGmc *lēkja- | lǣċe | doctor; leech | lēkja- > lǣki > lǣċi > lǣċ | lǣċ |
| PWGmc *rīkī | rīċe | kingdom | rīkī > rīċī > rīċe | |
| PGmc *stikiz | stiċe | puncture, point | stikiz > stiki > stiċi > stiċe | |
| PGmc *mikilaz | miċel | big | mikilaz > mikil > miċil > miċel | |
| PGmc *mekila- | miċel | big | mekila- > mekil > meċil > meċel | meċel |
| PWGmc *brūkī | brȳċe | useful | brūkī > brūċī > brȳċe | |
| PNWGmc *lākinôna | lācnian | to heal | lākinôna > lǣkinān > lǣċinān > lǣcnan | lǣcnan |
| PGmc *wurkijaną | wyrċan | to work, to make | wurkijaną > wurkjan > wurċjan > wyrċan | |
| PGmc *wurkjan- | wyrċan | to work, to make | wurkjan- > wurċjan > wyrċan | |
| PGmc *þunkijaną | þynċan | to seem | þunkijaną > þunkjan > þunċjan > þynċan | |
| PGmc *þunkjan- | þynċan | to seem | þunkjan- > þunċjan > þynċan | |
| PWGmc *wakkjan | weċċan | to waken | wakkjan > wækkjan > wæċċjan > weċċan | |
| PGmc *wakjan- | weċċan | to waken | wakjan- > wækkjan > wæċċjan > weċċan | |
| PWGmc *sōkijan | sēċan | to look for, to seek | sōkijan > sōkjan > sōċjan > sēċan | |
| PGmc *sōkjan- | sēċan | to look for, to seek | sōkjan- > sōċjan > sēċan | |
| PWGmc *raikijan | rǣċan | to reach | raikijan > rākjan > rāċjan > rǣċan | |
| PWGmc *mākī | mēċe | sword | mākī > mǣkī > mǣċī > mǣċe | mǣċe |
| PGmc *drankijaną | drenċan | to give to drink | drankijaną > drąnkjan > drąnċjan > drenċan | |
| PGmc *drankjan- | drenċan | to give to drink | drankjan- > drąnkjan > drąnċjan > drenċan | |
| PNWGmc *bankiz | benċ | bench | bankiz > bąnki > bąnċi > benċ | |
| PGmc *banki- | benċ | bench | banki- > bąnki > bąnċi > benċ | |
| PNWGmc *raukijaną | rīeċan | to cause smoke, to smoke (meat etc.) | raukijaną > rēakjan > rēaċjan > rīeċan | |
| PNWGmc *flikkiją | fliċċe | side of bacon | flikkiją > flikkī > fliċċī > fliċċe | |
| PNWGmc *stukkiją | styċċe | piece | stukkiją > stukkī > stuċċī > styċċe | |
| PGmc *stukkja- | styċċe | piece | stukkja- > stukki > stuċċi > styċċ | styċċ |
| PWGmc *sprāki | sprǣċ | speech | sprāki > sprǣki > sprǣċi > sprǣċ | |
| PWGmc *bruki | bryċe | (a) break | bruki > bruċi > bryċe | |
| PGmc *bruki- | bryċe | breach | bruki- > bruċi > bryċe | |
| PWGmc *flaiski | flǣsċ | flesh, meat | flaiski > flāski > flāsċi > flǣsċ | |
| PWGmc *þrukkijan | þryċċan | to press, to oppress | þrukkijan > þrukkjan > þruċċjan > þryċċan | |
| PWGmc *tikkīn | tiċċen | kid | tikkīn > tiċċīn > tiċċen | |
| PNWGmc *þakkjan | þeċċan | to cover | þakkjan > þækkjan > þæċċjan > þeċċan | |
| PNWGmc *wunskijaną | wȳsċan | to wish | wunskijaną > wūskjan > wūsċjan > wȳsċan | |
| PGmc *wunskjan- | wȳsċan | wish | wunskjan- > wūskjan > wūsċjan > wȳsċan | |
| PGmc *rakjaną | reċċan | to stretch out | rakjaną > rækkjan > ræċċjan > reċċan | |
| PNWGmc *gamarkiją | ġemierċe | mark | gamarkiją > gæmearkī > ġæmearċī > ġemierċe | |
| PWGmc *rīkisōn | ricsian | to rule, reign | rīkisōn > rīkisān > rīċisān > rīcsan | rīcsan |
| PWGmc *flaiski | flæsċ | flesh, meat | flaiski > flāski > flāsċi > flǣsċ | flǣsċ |
| PGmc *ajuki- | ǣce | eternal | ajuki- > ajuki > ajuċi > aġoċ | aġoċ |
| PGmc *bakja- | beċe | creek | bakja- > bæki > bæċi > beċe | |
| PGmc *drunki- | drynċ | drink | drunki- > drunċi > drynċ | |
| PGmc *finkja- | finċ | finch | finkja- > finki > finċi > finċ | |
| PGmc *hōkīna- | hēċen | kid, young goat | hōkīna- > hōkīn > hōċīn > hēċen | |
| PGmc *jukjan- | ġyċċan | itch | jukjan- > jukkjan > juċċjan > ġyċċan | |
| PGmc *lakjan- | læċċan | grab | lakjan- > lækkjan > læċċjan > leċċan | leċċan |
| PGmc *lakjan- | leċċan | cause to leak, moisten | lakjan- > lækkjan > læċċjan > leċċan | |
| PGmc *lēkinōn- | lǣcnian | heal | lēkinōn- > lǣkinōjan > lǣċinōjan > lǣcnian | |
| PGmc *plukkjan- | plyċċean | pluck | plukkjan- > pluċċjan > plyċċan | plyċċan |
| PGmc *rauki- | rēc | smoke | rauki- > rēaki > rēaċi > rīeċ | rīeċ |
| PGmc *rōkjan- | rēċan | heed | rōkjan- > rōċjan > rēċan | |
| PGmc *skīman- | sċīma | shine | skīman- > sċīman | sċīman |
| PGmc *skinkan- | sċeanca | shank, ham | skinkan- > sċincan | sċincan |
| PGmc *skītan- | sċītan | shit | skītan- > sċītan | |
| PGmc *þakjan- | þeċċan | burn | þakjan- > þækkjan > þæċċjan > þeċċan | |
| PGmc *þankjan- | þenċan | think | þankjan- > þąnkjan > þąnċjan > þenċan | |
| PGmc *wrakjan- | wreċċa | persecutor | wrakjan- > wrækkjan > wræċċjan > wreċċan | wreċċan |
| PGmc *wrankjan- | wrenċan | twist, wring | wrankjan- > wrąnkjan > wrąnċjan > wrenċan | |
| PGmc *hlankjan- | *hlenċan | twist, turn | hlankjan- > hląnkjan > hląnċjan > hlenċan | |
| PGmc *taikjan- | tǣċan | show | taikjan- > tākjan > tāċjan > tǣċan |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PWGmc *wakkjan | weċċan | to waken | wakkjan > wækkjan > wæċċjan > weċċan | |
| PGmc *wakjan- | weċċan | to waken | wakjan- > wækkjan > wæċċjan > weċċan | |
| PNWGmc *flikkiją | fliċċe | side of bacon | flikkiją > flikkī > fliċċī > fliċċe | |
| PNWGmc *stukkiją | styċċe | piece | stukkiją > stukkī > stuċċī > styċċe | |
| PGmc *stukkja- | styċċe | piece | stukkja- > stukki > stuċċi > styċċ | styċċ |
| PWGmc *þrukkijan | þryċċan | to press, to oppress | þrukkijan > þrukkjan > þruċċjan > þryċċan | |
| PWGmc *tikkīn | tiċċen | kid | tikkīn > tiċċīn > tiċċen | |
| PNWGmc *þakkjan | þeċċan | to cover | þakkjan > þækkjan > þæċċjan > þeċċan | |
| PGmc *rakjaną | reċċan | to stretch out | rakjaną > rækkjan > ræċċjan > reċċan | |
| PGmc *jukjan- | ġyċċan | itch | jukjan- > jukkjan > juċċjan > ġyċċan | |
| PGmc *lakjan- | læċċan | grab | lakjan- > lækkjan > læċċjan > leċċan | leċċan |
| PGmc *lakjan- | leċċan | cause to leak, moisten | lakjan- > lækkjan > læċċjan > leċċan | |
| PGmc *plukkjan- | plyċċean | pluck | plukkjan- > pluċċjan > plyċċan | plyċċan |
| PGmc *þakjan- | þeċċan | burn | þakjan- > þækkjan > þæċċjan > þeċċan | |
| PGmc *wrakjan- | wreċċa | persecutor | wrakjan- > wrækkjan > wræċċjan > wreċċan | wreċċan |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PWGmc *kirikā | ċiriċe | church | kirikā > kirikǣ > ċiriċǣ > ċiriċe | |
| PWGmc *laiwazikā | lāwriċe | lark | laiwazikā > lāwærikǣ > lāwæriċǣ > lawrċe | lawrċe |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PWGmc *līk | līċ | body | līk > līċ | |
| PGmc *līka- | līċ | body | līka- > līk > līċ | |
| PWGmc *sīk | sīċ | watercourse | sīk > sīċ | |
| PWGmc *spik | spiċ | bacon | spik > spiċ | |
| PGmc *spika- | spiċ | bacon | spika- > spik > spiċ | |
| PWGmc *āswik | ǣswiċ | offence, deceit | āswik > ǣswik > ǣswiċ > ǣsiċ | ǣsiċ |
| PGmc *dīka- | dīċ | dam; ditch | dīka- > dīk > dīċ | |
| PGmc *līka- | *līċ | similar, equal | līka- > līk > līċ |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PGmc *skipą | sċip | ship | skipą > skip > sċip | |
| PGmc *skipa- | sċip | ship | skipa- > skip > sċip | |
| PGmc *skīnaną | sċīnan | shine | skīnaną > skīnan > sċīnan | |
| PNWGmc *skardaz | sċeard | damaged, notched | skardaz > skeard > sċeard | |
| PWGmc *skarp | sċearp | sharp | skarp > skearp > sċearp | |
| PGmc *skarpa- | sċearp | sharp | skarpa- > skearp > sċearp | |
| PWGmc *skelh | sċeolh | oblique, crooked, squinting | skelh > skeolh > sċeolh | |
| PGmc *skelha- | sċeolh | wry, oblique | skelha- > skeolh > sċeolh | |
| PWGmc *skaunī | sċīene | beautiful | skaunī > skēanī > sċēanī > sċīene | |
| PNWGmc *skeutaną | sċēotan | to shoot | skeutaną > skēotan > sċēotan | |
| PGmc *skeutan- | sċēotan | shoot, dash | skeutan- > skēotan > sċēotan | |
| PNWGmc *skaubą | sċēaf | sheaf | skaubą > skēaβ > sċēaβ > sċēaf | |
| PWGmc *skūr | sċūr | shower (of rain) | skūr > sċūr | |
| PGmc *skūra- | sċūr | short shower (of rain/hail) | skūra- > skūr > sċūr | |
| PGmc *skattaz | sċeatt | coin, money | skattaz > skætt > sċætt > sċeatt | |
| PGmc *skelduz | sċield | shield | skelduz > skeldu > sċeldu > sċield | |
| PWGmc *skāp | sċēap | sheep | skāp > skǣp > sċǣp > sċēap | |
| PWGmc *skappjan | sċieppan | to make, to create | skappjan > skæppjan > sċæppjan > sċieppan | |
| PWGmc *skaþō | sċaþa | samage, destruction | skaþō > skaþā > sċaþā > sċaþa | |
| PWGmc *skaban | sċafan | to cut (hair), to shave | skaban > skaβan > sċaβan > sċafan | |
| PGmc *skōhaz | sċōh | shoe | skōhaz > skōh > sċōh | |
| PWGmc *skamu | sċamu | shame | skamu > skamu > sċamu | |
| PGmc *skamō- | sċamu | shame | skamō- > skąmu > sċąmu > sċamu | |
| PWGmc *skrūd | sċrūd | gear, outfit | skrūd > sċrūd | |
| PNWGmc *skeraną | sċieran | to cut, to shear | skeraną > skeran > sċeran > sċieran | |
| PGmc *skeran- | sċieran | cut | skeran- > sċeran > sċieran | |
| PWGmc *skākārī | sċēacere | robber | skākārī > skǣkǣrī > sċǣkǣrī > sċēacere | |
| PWGmc *skarpijan | sċierpan | to sharpen | skarpijan > skearpjan > sċearpjan > sċierpan | |
| PWGmc *skuldihaitijō | sċyldhǣta | deputy, bailiff | skuldihaitijō > skuldiohātjā > sċuldiohātjā > sċyldēota | sċyldēota |
| PGmc *skadu- | sċeadu | shadow | skadu- > skadu > sċadu | sċadu |
| PGmc *skakan- | sċacan | shake; to leave | skakan- > skakan > sċacan | |
| PGmc *skalka- | sċealc | servant | skalka- > skealk > sċealc | |
| PGmc *skarna- | sċearn | dung, muck | skarna- > skearn > sċearn | |
| PGmc *skatta- | sċeat | wealth, property, cattle | skatta- > skætt > sċætt > sċeatt | sċeatt |
| PGmc *skaþjan- | sċeþþan | harm, do wrong | skaþjan- > skæþþjan > sċæþþjan > sċieþþan | sċieþþan |
| PGmc *skauta- | sċēat | seam | skauta- > skēat > sċēat | |
| PGmc *skehan- | sċēon | move quickly; to happen | skehan- > skeohan > sċeohan > sċēon | |
| PGmc *skēpa- | sċēp | sheep | skēpa- > skǣp > sċǣp > sċēap | sċēap |
| PGmc *skēra- | sċēara | pair of scissors | skēra- > skǣr > sċǣr > sċēar | sċēar |
| PGmc *skerban- | sċeorfan | scrape, scratch | skerban- > skeorβan > sċeorβan > sċeorfan | |
| PGmc *skeuban- | sċēofan | shove | skeuban- > skēoβan > sċēoβan > sċēofan | |
| PGmc *skīman- | sċīma | shine | skīman- > sċīman | sċīman |
| PGmc *skinkan- | sċeanca | shank, ham | skinkan- > sċincan | sċincan |
| PGmc *skītan- | sċītan | shit | skītan- > sċītan | |
| PGmc *skradtan- | sċrætte | demon | skradtan- > skrædtan > sċrædtan > sċrættan | sċrættan |
| PGmc *skraudan- | sċrēadian | cut, shred | skraudan- > skrēadan > sċrēadan | sċrēadan |
| PGmc *skrimman- | sċrimman | contract | skrimman- > sċrimman | |
| PGmc *skrinkʷan- | sċrincan | shrivel | skrinkʷan- > skrinkwan > sċrinkwan > sċrincan | |
| PGmc *skrīþan- | sċrīðan | stride | skrīþan- > sċrīðan | |
| PGmc *skriþi- | sċriþe | pace | skriþi- > sċriþi > sċriþe | |
| PGmc *skuldi- | sċyld | debt, guilt | skuldi- > sċuldi > sċyld | |
| PGmc *skuldra- | sċuldor | shoulder | skuldra- > skoldr > sċoldr > sċoldor | sċoldor |
| PGmc *skuti- | sċyte | shooting | skuti- > sċuti > sċyte | |
| PGmc *skuwwan- | scuwa | mirror | skuwwan- > skouwan > sċouwan > sċoowan | sċoowan |
| PGmc *skrankʷjan- | *sċrencan | make fall(?) | skrankʷjan- > skrąnkwjan > sċrąnkwjan > sċrencan | |
| PGmc *skulan- | sċulan | shall, to be obliged to | skulan- > skolan > sċolan | sċolan |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PGmc *gīslaz | ġīsl | hostage | gīslaz > gīsl > ġīsl | |
| PWGmc *gibiþī | ġifeþe | given, granted (by fate) | gibiþī > ġiβiþī > ġifiþe | ġifiþe |
| PWGmc *gimmu | ġimm | gem | gimmu > ġimmu > ġimm | |
| PGmc *gardaz | ġeard | enclosure | gardaz > geard > ġeard | |
| PGmc *garda- | ġeard | enclosure | garda- > geard > ġeard | |
| PGmc *galgô | ġealga | gallows | galgô > gealgā > ġealgā > ġealga | |
| PGmc *galgan- | ġealga | gallows | galgan- > gealgan > ġealgan | ġealgan |
| PNWGmc *garną | ġearn | yarn | garną > gearn > ġearn | |
| PNWGmc *galdraz | ġealdor | incantation | galdraz > gealdr > ġealdr > ġealdor | |
| PGmc *gernaz | ġeorn | desirous, eager | gernaz > georn > ġeorn | |
| PWGmc *geutan | ġēotan | to pour | geutan > gēotan > ġēotan | |
| PGmc *gaumijaną | ġīeman | to observe | gaumijaną > gēamjan > ġēamjan > ġīeman | |
| PNWGmc *gaukaz | ġēac | cuckoo | gaukaz > gēak > ġēac | |
| PGmc *gauka- | ġēac | cuckoo | gauka- > gēak > ġēac | |
| PGmc *gebaną | ġiefan | to give | gebaną > geβan > ġeβan > ġiefan | |
| PGmc *geldaną | ġieldan | to pay for | geldaną > geldan > ġeldan > ġieldan | |
| PWGmc *gasti | ġiest | guest | gasti > gæsti > ġæsti > ġiest | |
| PNWGmc *gebu | ġiefu | gift | gebu > ġeβu > ġiefu | |
| PWGmc *gelu | ġeolu | yellow | gelu > ġelu > ġielu | ġielu |
| PWGmc *garwijan | ġierwan | to prepare | garwijan > gearwjan > ġearwjan > ġierwan | |
| PGmc *garwjan- | ġierwan | prepare, make ready | garwjan- > gearwjan > ġearwjan > ġierwan | |
| PWGmc *gafehan | ġefēon | to rejoice | gafehan > gæfeohan > ġæfeohan > ġefēon | |
| PWGmc *gafrāgī | ġefrǣġe | known, famous | gafrāgī > gæfrǣgī > ġæfrǣġī > ġeafreġe | ġeafreġe |
| PWGmc *garūnī | ġerȳne | (secret) meeting, conspiracy | garūnī > gærūnī > ġærūnī > ġerȳne | |
| PWGmc *gazdi | ġierd | rod | gazdi > geardi > ġeardi > ġierd | |
| PNWGmc *gamarkiją | ġemierċe | mark | gamarkiją > gæmearkī > ġæmearċī > ġemierċe | |
| PGmc *galaubijaną | ġelīefan | to believe | galaubijaną > gælēaβjan > ġælēaβjan > ġælīefan | ġælīefan |
| PGmc *girnijaną | ġiernan | to be eager for, to desire | girnijaną > giornjan > ġiornjan > ġiernan | |
| PWGmc *garāfijō | gerefa | count (the male ruler of a county) | garāfijō > gærǣfjā > ġærǣfjā > ġearefa | ġearefa |
| PGmc *gaiza- | gār | spear, tip | gaiza- > gǣ > ġǣ > ġēa | ġēa |
| PGmc *galda- | ġielde | barren, not (yet) pregnant | galda- > geald > ġeald | ġeald |
| PGmc *gallan- | ġealla | bile | gallan- > geallan > ġeallan | ġeallan |
| PGmc *gata- | ġeat | hole | gata- > gæt > ġæt > ġeat | |
| PGmc *gauja- | -gē | district, region | gauja- > gēaj > ġēaj > ġīeġ | ġīeġ |
| PGmc *gellan- | ġiellan | sound, yell | gellan- > ġellan > ġiellan | |
| PGmc *gelwaz | geolo | yellow | gelwaz > gelu > ġelu > ġielo | ġielo |
| PGmc *gestra- | geostran-dæg | the previous or next day | gestra- > gestr > ġestr > ġiester | ġiester |
| PGmc *geupan- | ġēopan | be hollow | geupan- > gēopan > ġēopan | |
| PGmc *gīslaz | gīsel | hostage | gīslaz > gīsl > ġīsl | ġīsl |
| PGmc *giwēn- | ġiwian | desire, long for | giwēn- > giowējan > ġiowējan > ġeowian | ġeowian |
| PGmc *getan- | *ġietan | find (a way), to be able | getan- > ġetan > ġietan | |
| PGmc *ginnan- | *ġinnan | begin | ginnan- > ġinnan | |
| PGmc *gīnan- | *ġīnan | gape | gīnan- > ġīnan |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PGmc *slagiz | sleġe | blow, stroke | slagiz > slægi > slæġi > sleġe | |
| PGmc *rugiz | ryġe | rye | rugiz > rugi > ruġi > ryġe | |
| PNWGmc *langizô | lengra | longer | langizô > ląngirā > ląnġirā > lengra | |
| PGmc *hugjaną | hyċġan | to think | hugjaną > huggjan > huċġjan > hyċġan | |
| PWGmc *liggjan | liċġan | to lie | liggjan > liċġjan > liċġan | |
| PWGmc *laggjan | leċġan | to lay | laggjan > læggjan > læċġjan > leċġan | |
| PGmc *lagjan- | leċġan | to lay | lagjan- > læggjan > læċġjan > leċġan | |
| PWGmc *buggjan | byċġan | to buy | buggjan > buċġjan > byċġan | |
| PGmc *balgiz | bielġ | leather bag | balgiz > bealgi > bealġi > bielġ | |
| PGmc *hugiz | hyġe | thought, understanding | hugiz > hugi > huġi > hyġe | |
| PNWGmc *fangiz | fenġ | grasp, booty | fangiz > fąngi > fąnġi > fenġ | |
| PGmc *fangi- | fenġ | catch | fangi- > fąngi > fąnġi > fenġ | |
| PNWGmc *strangiz | strenġ | string | strangiz > strąngi > strąnġi > strenġ | |
| PGmc *strangi- | strenġ | string, cord, rope | strangi- > strąngi > strąnġi > strenġ | |
| PWGmc *gangī | genġe | passable | gangī > gongī > gonġī > genġī | genġī |
| PGmc *gangi- | genġe | passable | gangi- > gąngi > gąnġi > genġ | genġ |
| PNWGmc *laugiz | līeġ | flame | laugiz > lēagi > lēaġi > līeġ | |
| PNWGmc *swōgiz | swēġ | sound | swōgiz > swōgi > swōġi > swēġ | |
| PWGmc *gafrāgī | ġefrǣġe | known, famous | gafrāgī > gæfrǣgī > ġæfrǣġī > ġeafreġe | ġeafreġe |
| PNWGmc *baugijaną | bīeġan | to bend | baugijaną > bēagjan > bēaġjan > bīeġan | |
| PGmc *baugjan- | bīeġan | (make) bend | baugjan- > bēagjan > bēaġjan > bīeġan | |
| PNWGmc *hnaigijaną | hnǣġan | to lower, to cause to bow | hnaigijaną > hnāgjan > hnāġjan > hnǣġan | |
| PGmc *hnaigjan- | hnǣġan | make bow (down) | hnaigjan- > hnāgjan > hnāġjan > hnǣġan | |
| PWGmc *waigī | wǣġe | cup | waigī > wāgī > wāġī > wǣġe | |
| PNWGmc *þangilaz | þenġel | prince | þangilaz > þąngil > þąnġil > þenġel | |
| PWGmc *hangist | henġest | stallion | hangist > hængist > hænġist > henġest | |
| PGmc *hangista- | henġest | horse; stallion(?); gelding(?) | hangista- > hąngist > hąnġist > henġest | |
| PWGmc *angil | enġel | angel | angil > ængil > ænġil > enġel | |
| PWGmc *aggju | eċġ | edge | aggju > æggju > æċġju > eċġ | |
| PWGmc *bruggju | bryċġ | bridge | bruggju > bruċġju > bryċġ | |
| PWGmc *fōgijan | fēġan | to fit together | fōgijan > fōgjan > fōġjan > fēġan | |
| PGmc *fōgjan- | fēġan | join together | fōgjan- > fōġjan > fēġan | |
| PWGmc *brōgijan | brēġan | to terrify | brōgijan > brōgjan > brōġjan > brēġan | |
| PWGmc *agiþā | eġeþe | rake, harrow | agiþā > ægiþǣ > æġiþǣ > eġiþe | eġiþe |
| PGmc *sagjaną | seċġan | to say | sagjaną > sæggjan > sæċġjan > seċġan | |
| PGmc *wargijaną | wierġan | to condemn | wargijaną > weargjan > wearġjan > wierġan | |
| PNWGmc *bargijaną | bierġan | to taste | bargijaną > beargjan > bearġjan > bierġan | |
| PWGmc *luginu | lyġen | lie | luginu > luġinu > lyġen | |
| PGmc *luginō- | lyġen | lie, falsehood | luginō- > luginu > luġinu > lyġen | |
| PGmc *agiz- | eġe | fear | agiz- > ægi > æġi > eġe | |
| PGmc *agila- | eġl | awn | agila- > ægil > æġil > eġel | eġel |
| PGmc *balgiz | belig | leather bag | balgiz > bealgi > bealġi > bieli | bieli |
| PGmc *bulgjan- | bylġian | bellow | bulgjan- > bulġjan > bylġan | bylġan |
| PGmc *burgjan- | byrian | hide(?) | burgjan- > burġjan > byrian | |
| PGmc *dangjan- | denċġan | beat | dangjan- > dąngjan > dąnġjan > denġan | denġan |
| PGmc *draugja- | drȳge | dry | draugja- > drēagi > drēaġi > drīeġ | drīeġ |
| PGmc *egila- | igil | hedgehog, sea urchin | egila- > egil > eġil > eġel | eġel |
| PGmc *faigi- | fǣġe | bound to die | faigi- > fāgi > fāġi > fǣġ | fǣġ |
| PGmc *hangjan- | henġan | to (make) hang | hangjan- > hąngjan > hąnġjan > henġan | |
| PGmc *hrugja- | hrycg | ridge; back | hrugja- > hrugi > hruġi > hryġe | hryġe |
| PGmc *kēgjō- | cǣg | peg, key | kēgjō- > kǣgju > ċǣġju > ċīeġ | ċīeġ |
| PGmc *lugi- | lygge | deceitful, false | lugi- > luġi > lyġe | lyġe |
| PGmc *mangjan- | menġan | mix | mangjan- > mąngjan > mąnġjan > menġan | |
| PGmc *pagila- | pæġel | measuring stick(?) | pagila- > pægil > pæġil > peġel | peġel |
| PGmc *sagja- | secg | man, hero | sagja- > sægi > sæġi > seġe | seġe |
| PGmc *sagja- | secg | sedge | sagja- > sægi > sæġi > seġe | seġe |
| PGmc *segiz- | sigor | victory | segiz- > segi > seġi > seġe | seġe |
| PGmc *sprangjan- | sprenġan | make jump, to make burst | sprangjan- > sprąngjan > sprąnġjan > sprenġan | |
| PGmc *targjan- | tierġan | vex | targjan- > teargjan > tearġjan > tierġan | |
| PGmc *þegjan- | þiċġan | request | þegjan- > þeggjan > þeċġjan > þeċġan | þeċġan |
| PGmc *þragjan- | þrægan | run | þragjan- > þræggjan > þræċġjan > þreċġan | þreċġan |
| PGmc *þwangi- | þwang | latchet | þwangi- > þwongi > þwonġi > þweni | þweni |
| PGmc *wagja- | wecg | wedge | wagja- > wægi > wæġi > weġe | weġe |
| PGmc *daugjan- | *dīeġan | endure | daugjan- > dēagjan > dēaġjan > dīeġan | |
| PGmc *frēgi- | *frǣġe | renowned | frēgi- > frǣgi > frǣġi > frǣġ | frǣġ |
| PGmc *balgjan- | belgan | make swell, make angry | balgjan- > bealgjan > bealġjan > bielian | bielian |
| PGmc *tangja- | *tenġe | approximate | tangja- > tąngi > tąnġi > tenġ | tenġ |
| PGmc *ōgjan- | *œgan | fear | ōgjan- > ōġjan > ēġan | ēġan |
| PGmc *wurgjan- | wyrġan | strangle | wurgjan- > wurġjan > wyrġan | |
| PGmc *klangjan- | clengan | make stick | klangjan- > klongjan > klonġjan > clenian | clenian |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PGmc *hugjaną | hyċġan | to think | hugjaną > huggjan > huċġjan > hyċġan | |
| PWGmc *liggjan | liċġan | to lie | liggjan > liċġjan > liċġan | |
| PWGmc *laggjan | leċġan | to lay | laggjan > læggjan > læċġjan > leċġan | |
| PGmc *lagjan- | leċġan | to lay | lagjan- > læggjan > læċġjan > leċġan | |
| PWGmc *buggjan | byċġan | to buy | buggjan > buċġjan > byċġan | |
| PWGmc *aggju | eċġ | edge | aggju > æggju > æċġju > eċġ | |
| PWGmc *bruggju | bryċġ | bridge | bruggju > bruċġju > bryċġ | |
| PGmc *sagjaną | seċġan | to say | sagjaną > sæggjan > sæċġjan > seċġan | |
| PGmc *þegjan- | þiċġan | request | þegjan- > þeggjan > þeċġjan > þeċġan | þeċġan |
| PGmc *þragjan- | þrægan | run | þragjan- > þræggjan > þræċġjan > þreċġan | þreċġan |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PWGmc *dagē | dæġe | day.dat | dagē > dægē > dæġē > dæġe | |
| PGmc *hīgēn- | hīġian | pant(?) | hīgēn- > hīgējan > hīġējan > hīġian | |
| PGmc *magaþi- | mæġð | girl, maiden | magaþi- > mægæþ > mæġæþ > mæġeþ | mæġeþ |
| PGmc *swīgēn- | swīġian | be silent | swīgēn- > swīgējan > swīġējan > swīġian |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PGmc *dagaz | dæġ | day | dagaz > dæg > dæġ | |
| PNWGmc *grādagaz | grǣdiġ | hungry, greedy | grādagaz > grǣdæg > grǣdæġ > grǣdiġ | |
| PNWGmc *māgaz | mǣġ | kinsman | māgaz > mǣg > mǣġ | |
| PGmc *mēga- | mǣġ | kinsman | mēga- > mǣg > mǣġ | |
| PNWGmc *hunagą | huniġ | honey | hunagą > hunæg > hunæġ > huniġ | |
| PNWGmc *wāgaz | wǣġ | wave | wāgaz > wǣg > wǣġ | |
| PWGmc *weg | weġ | way | weg > weġ | |
| PWGmc *habīg | hefiġ | heavy | habīg > hæβīg > hæβīġ > hefiġ | |
| PWGmc *hailag | hāliġ | holy | hailag > hālæg > hālæġ > hāliġ | |
| PGmc *alamahtīgaz | ælmihtiġ | almighty | alamahtīgaz > alumeahtīg > alumeahtīġ > alomiehtiġ | alomiehtiġ |
| PGmc *ainagaz | ǣniġ | only; sole; singular; unique | ainagaz > ānæg > ānæġ > āniġ | āniġ |
| PWGmc *wīg | wīġ | battle | wīg > wīġ | |
| PGmc *haga- | haga | enclosure; pasture | haga- > hæg > hæġ | hæġ |
| PGmc *managa- | maniġ | many | managa- > mąnæg > mąnæġ > maniġ |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PWGmc *nagl | næġl | nail | nagl > nægl > næġl | |
| PWGmc *swegru | sweġer | mother-in-law | swegru > sweġru > sweġer | |
| PGmc *swegru- | sweġer | mother-in-law | swegru- > sweġru > sweġer | |
| PWGmc *regn | reġn | rain | regn > reġn | |
| PGmc *rignijaną | riġnan | to rain | rignijaną > rignjan > riġnjan > riġnan | |
| PNWGmc *bregdaną | breġdan | to brandish | bregdaną > bregdan > breġdan | |
| PNWGmc *þegnaz | þeġn | retainer, follower | þegnaz > þegn > þeġn | |
| PGmc *þegna- | þeġn | retainer | þegna- > þegn > þeġn | |
| PNWGmc *seglą | seġl | sail | seglą > segl > seġl | |
| PGmc *segla- | seġl | sail, canvas | segla- > segl > seġl | |
| PNWGmc *siglijaną | siġlan | to sail | siglijaną > sigljan > siġljan > siġlan | |
| PNWGmc *sigliją | siġle | jewelry | sigliją > siglī > siġlī > siġle | |
| PGmc *aglijaną | eġlan | to treat badly, to harm | aglijaną > ægljan > æġljan > eġlan | |
| PWGmc *fagr | fæġer | beautiful | fagr > fægr > fæġr > fæġer | |
| PGmc *fagra- | fæġer | beautiful | fagra- > fægr > fæġr > fæġer | |
| PNWGmc *legrą | leġer | bed, lair | legrą > legr > leġr > leġer | |
| PWGmc *fregnan | frignan | to ask | fregnan > freġnan | freġnan |
| PGmc *aglu- | egle | difficult | aglu- > æglu > æġlu > æġl | æġl |
| PGmc *agra- | eagor | flood | agra- > ægr > æġr > æġer | æġer |
| PGmc *bagma- | bēam | beam, tree | bagma- > bægm > bæġm > bæġom | bæġom |
| PGmc *bragna- | bræġen | brain | bragna- > brægn > bræġn | bræġn |
| PGmc *hagla- | hagol | hail | hagla- > hægl > hæġl | hæġl |
| PGmc *magra- | mæġer | lean | magra- > mægr > mæġr > mæġer | |
| PGmc *tagla- | tæġl | hair | tagla- > tægl > tæġl | |
| PGmc *tagra- | tæhher | tear | tagra- > tægr > tæġr > tæġer | tæġer |
| PGmc *wagna- | wæġn | wagon | wagna- > wægn > wæġn | |
| PGmc *wiggan- | wicga | weevil(?) | wiggan- > wiġgan | wiġgan |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *mæġædīn | *mæġdīn | little girl | mæġædīn > mæġædīn > mægdīn | mægdīn |