Etymograph > Indo-European > Old English > Rules > oe-bilabial-fricative-devoicing

Source: Ringe 2014:297

β > f

Examples

FromToGlossStepsExpected
PWGmc *gibiþīġifeþegiven, granted (by fate)gibiþī > ġiβiþī > ġifiþī > ġifiþeġifiþe
PWGmc *kalbċealfcalfkalb > ċealβ > ċealf
PGmc *kalbiz-ċealfcalfkalbiz- > ċielβ > ċielfċielf
PWGmc *kerbanċeorfanto carve, to cutkerban > ċeorβan > ċeorfan
PGmc *kerban-ċeorfancarvekerban- > ċeorβan > ċeorfan
PNWGmc *skaubąsċēafsheafskaubą > sċēaβ > sċēaf
PGmc *gebanąġiefanto givegebaną > ġieβan > ġiefan
PGmc *silubrąsiolforsilversilubrą > siluβr > silufr > seoloforseolofor
PNWGmc *eburazeoforwild boareburaz > eβur > efur > eofor
PGmc *ebura-eoforboarebura- > eβur > efur > eofor
PWGmc *obaroferoverobar > oβær > ofær > ofer
PNWGmc *gebuġiefugiftgebu > ġieβu > ġiefu
PGmc *ubilazyfelevil, badubilaz > yβil > yfil > yfel
PWGmc *arbīierfeinheritancearbī > ierβī > ierfī > ierfe
PGmc *arbja-ierfeinheritancearbja- > ierβ > ierfierf
PWGmc *hwerbanhweorfanto turnhwerban > hweorβan > hweorfan
PWGmc *hwarbōnhwearfianto wander aroundhwarbōn > hwearβān > hwearfān > hwearfanhwearfan
PGmc *hlaibazhlāfbreadhlaibaz > hlāβ > hlāf
PGmc *laubazlēafleaflaubaz > lēaβ > lēaf
PWGmc *arbaiþiearfoþhardship, hard laborarbaiþi > earβāþ > earfāþ > earfaþearfaþ
PWGmc *hwarbhwearfturning; exchange; gathering; crowdhwarb > hwearβ > hwearf
PWGmc *sterbansteorfanto diesterban > steorβan > steorfan
PGmc *sterban-steorfanbecome stiff, diesterban- > steorβan > steorfan
PNWGmc *nabulônafolanavelnabulô > naβulā > nafulā > nafola
PNWGmc *habukazhafochawkhabukaz > haβuk > hafuk > hafoc
PWGmc *gabulugafolforkgabulu > gaβul > gaful > gafol
PWGmc *knabōcnafaboyknabō > knaβā > knafā > cnafa
PGmc *knaban-cnafaknob; boyknaban- > knaβan > cnafancnafan
PWGmc *skabansċafanto cut (hair), to shaveskaban > sċaβan > sċafan
PWGmc *kabisiċiefesconcubinekabisi > ċieβs > ċiefsċiefs
PNWGmc *dūbijanądȳfanto dip, to immersedūbijaną > dȳβan > dȳfan
PWGmc *sūbrīsȳfresober, chaste, cleansūbrī > sȳβrī > sȳfrī > sȳfre
PGmc *laibijanąlǣfanto leave (over)laibijaną > lǣβan > lǣfan
PGmc *laibjan-lǣfanto leave (over)laibjan- > lǣβan > lǣfan
PWGmc *habīghefiġheavyhabīg > heβīġ > hefīġ > hefiġ
PNWGmc *hʷarbijanąhwierfanto turn, to changehʷarbijaną > hwierβan > hwierfan
PGmc *hʷarbjan-hwierfanmake turnhʷarbjan- > hwierβan > hwierfan
PNWGmc *albizielfeelfalbiz > ielβ > ielfielf
PGmc *galaubijanąġelīefanto believegalaubijaną > ġælīeβan > ġælīefanġælīefan
PWGmc *ubisuyfeshallubisu > yβis > yfis > yfes
PWGmc *salbusealfointment, salvesalbu > sealβ > sealf
PWGmc *laibulāfwhat is left, remainderlaibu > lāβ > lāf
PWGmc *þurbanþurfanto needþurban > þurfan
PNWGmc *gābunġēafonto give.pst.plgābun > gāβun > gāfun > gāfongāfon
PGmc *abaof(away) from, offaba > æβ > æfæf
PGmc *abnjanąefnanexecuteabnjaną > eβnan > efnan
PNWGmc *lībąlīflifelībą > līβ > līf
PGmc *lība-līflife; bodylība- > līβ > līf
PGmc *stabazstæfstaff, letterstabaz > stæβ > stæf
PNWGmc *libruliferliverlibru > liβr > lifr > lifer
PGmc *librō-liferliverlibrō- > liβr > lifr > lifer
PGmc *aibra-āforharshaibra- > āβr > āfr > āfor
PGmc *albut-ielfetuswanalbut- > ealβut > ealfut > ealfotealfot
PGmc *arbjan-ierfeheirarbjan- > ierβan > ierfanierfan
PGmc *bebura-beoforbeaverbebura- > beβur > befur > beofor
PGmc *bibēn-beofiantremblebibēn- > biβēġan > bifēġan > bifianbifian
PGmc *dauba-dēafdeaf; sluggish; numbdauba- > dēaβ > dēaf
PGmc *delban-delfandig, delvedelban- > delfan
PGmc *derba-deorfbravederba- > deorβ > deorf
PGmc *derban-deorfanperishderban- > deorβan > deorfan
PGmc *draibō-drāfdriving, driftdraibō- > drāβ > drāf
PGmc *drīban-drīfandrivedrīban- > drīfan
PGmc *drōbu-drōfturbid; troubleddrōbu- > drōβ > drōf
PGmc *dūban-dūfandivedūban- > dūfan
PGmc *ēbanþ-ǣfeneveningēbanþ- > āβanþ > āfanþāfanþ
PGmc *ebna-efeneven, levelebna- > eβn > efnefn
PGmc *graba-græfgravegraba- > græβ > græf
PGmc *graban-grafandiggraban- > graβan > grafan
PGmc *habanō-hæfenharborhabanō- > haβan > hafanhafan
PGmc *habēn-habbanhavehabēn- > hæβēġan > hæfēġan > hæfianhæfian
PGmc *halba-healfhalfhalba- > healβ > healf
PGmc *harbista-hærfestautumn, fallharbista- > hierβist > hierfist > hierfesthierfest
PGmc *haubeda-hēafodheadhaubeda- > hēaβed > hēafedhēafed
PGmc *hraban-hræfnravenhraban- > hraβan > hrafanhrafan
PGmc *hreuba-hrēofscabbyhreuba- > hrēoβ > hrēof
PGmc *kaiba-cāfsharp(?), crooked(?)kaiba- > kāβ > cāf
PGmc *kebra-ceaforbeetlekebra- > ċieβr > ċiefr > ċieferċiefer
PGmc *kleuban-clēofancleave, splitkleuban- > klēoβan > clēofan
PGmc *klibēn-clifianstickklibēn- > kliβēġan > klifēġan > clifian
PGmc *knība-cnīfknifeknība- > knīβ > cnīf
PGmc *krabēn-crafianurge, demandkrabēn- > kræβēġan > kræfēġan > cræfiancræfian
PGmc *kuban-cofashedkuban- > koβan > cofancofan
PGmc *leuba-lēofdear, belovedleuba- > lēoβ > lēof
PGmc *libēn-libbanbe left; to livelibēn- > liβēġan > lifēġan > lifianlifian
PGmc *luba-lofpraiseluba- > loβ > lof
PGmc *lubja-lybherb, potionlubja- > lyβi > lyfi > lyfelyfe
PGmc *nabja-nebbbeaknabja- > neβi > nefi > nefenefe
PGmc *nablan-nafelanavelnablan- > næβlan > næflannæflan
PGmc *nabō-nafunavenabō- > naβu > nafu
PGmc *rauba-rēaflootrauba- > rēaβ > rēaf
PGmc *rebja-ribribrebja- > reβi > refi > referefe
PGmc *sebun-seofonsevensebun- > sefun > seofon
PGmc *sebunþan-seofoðaseventhsebunþan- > sefunþan > seofonþanseofonþan
PGmc *selba-selfselfselba- > selβ > self
PGmc *silubra-seolforsilversilubra- > siluβr > silufr > seoluforseolufor
PGmc *skerban-sċeorfanscrape, scratchskerban- > sċeorβan > sċeorfan
PGmc *skeuban-sċēofanshoveskeuban- > sċēoβan > sċēofan
PGmc *swebla-sweflsulfurswebla- > sweβl > swefl
PGmc *swīban-swīfansway, swerveswīban- > swīfan
PGmc *tibōn-tifebitchtibōn- > tiβān > tifān > tifantifan
PGmc *tibra-tibersacrificetibra- > tiβr > tifr > tifertifer
PGmc *þerba-þeorftough(?)þerba- > þeorβ > þeorf
PGmc *þeuba-þēofthiefþeuba- > þēoβ > þēof
PGmc *urba-orfinheritanceurba- > orβ > orf
PGmc *wabja-webbwebwabja- > weβi > wefi > wefewefe
PGmc *weban-wefanweaveweban- > wefan
PGmc *wēbna-wǣpnweaponwēbna- > wǣβn > wǣfnwǣfn
PGmc *wība-wīfwoman, wifewība- > wīβ > wīf
PGmc *dōbi-*dēfesuited, fitdōbi- > dēβ > dēfdēf
PGmc *līban-*līfanstaylīban- > līfan
PGmc *raubjan-*rīefanbreak (off), tear off, robraubjan- > rīeβan > rīefan
PGmc *þrabōn-þrafiantrotþrabōn- > þraβian > þrafian
PGmc *gabōn-gabbianjokegabōn- > gaβian > gafiangafian

Sequences

pwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-apocope, next oe-shortening-unstressed
pgmc-to-oe: previous oe-apocope, next oe-shortening-unstressed
pnwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-apocope, next oe-shortening-unstressed