Etymograph > Indo-European > Old English > Rules > oe-i-umlaut-nasalized

Source: Ringe 2014:228

{ą|ą̄} > {æ|ē} if sound is stressed non-diphthong and next vocalic is close front

Examples

FromToGlossStepsExpected
PNWGmc *langizôlengralongerlangizô > ląnġirā > lænġirā > lengra
PWGmc *andīendeendandī > ąndī > ændī > ende
PWGmc *þannjanþennanto extendþannjan > þąnnjan > þænnjan > þennan
PWGmc *frammjanfremmanto furtherframmjan > frąmmjan > fræmmjan > fremman
PGmc *nanþijanąnēþanto be boldnanþijaną > ną̄þjan > nēþjan > nēþan
PGmc *nanþjan-nēþanto be boldnanþjan- > ną̄þjan > nēþjan > nēþan
PWGmc *fanþijōfēþatraveller on footfanþijō > fą̄þjā > fēþjā > fēþa
PGmc *fanþjan-fēþafoot soldier(?)fanþjan- > fą̄þjan > fēþjan > fēþanfēþan
PGmc *anstizēstfavoranstiz > ą̄sti > ēsti > ēst
PNWGmc *wānijanąwēnanto expect, to hopewānijaną > wą̄njan > wēnjan > wēnan
PWGmc *kampijōcempawarriorkampijō > kąmpjā > kæmpjā > cempa
PGmc *drankijanądrenċanto give to drinkdrankijaną > drąnċjan > drænċjan > drenċan
PGmc *drankjan-drenċanto give to drinkdrankjan- > drąnċjan > drænċjan > drenċan
PNWGmc *bankizbenċbenchbankiz > bąnċi > bænċi > benċ
PGmc *banki-benċbenchbanki- > bąnċi > bænċi > benċ
PNWGmc *fangizfenġgrasp, bootyfangiz > fąnġi > fænġi > fenġ
PGmc *fangi-fenġcatchfangi- > fąnġi > fænġi > fenġ
PNWGmc *strangizstrenġstringstrangiz > strąnġi > strænġi > strenġ
PGmc *strangi-strenġstring, cord, ropestrangi- > strąnġi > strænġi > strenġ
PWGmc *gangīgenġepassablegangī > gąnġī > gænġī > genġe
PGmc *gangi-genġepassablegangi- > gąnġi > gænġi > genġgenġ
PNWGmc *þangilazþenġelprinceþangilaz > þąnġil > þænġil > þenġel
PWGmc *hangisthenġeststallionhangist > hąnġist > hænġist > henġest
PGmc *hangista-henġesthorse; stallion(?); gelding(?)hangista- > hąnġist > hænġist > henġest
PWGmc *angilenġelangelangil > ąnġil > ænġil > enġel
PGmc *sandijanąsendanto sendsandijaną > sąndjan > sændjan > sendan
PGmc *sandjan-sendanto sendsandjan- > sąndjan > sændjan > sendan
PGmc *banjōbennwoundbanjō > bąnnju > bænnju > benn
PNWGmc *kanipazcenepmoustachekanipaz > kąnip > kænip > cenep
PWGmc *hamiþīhemeþeshirthamiþī > hąmiþī > hæmiþī > hemiþehemiþe
PNWGmc *wānizwēnhope, expectationwāniz > wą̄ni > wēni > wēn
PNWGmc *sanþijanąsēþanto declare truesanþijaną > są̄þjan > sēþjan > sēþan
PWGmc *samftīsēftesoft, gentlesamftī > są̄ftī > sēftī > sēfte
PNWGmc *bandibendfetterbandi > bąndi > bændi > bend
PGmc *hanipa-henephemphanipa- > hąnip > hænip > henep
PNWGmc *kʷānizcwēnwoman, wifekʷāniz > kwą̄ni > kwēni > cwēn
PGmc *andizendearlier, ratherandiz > ąndi > ændi > end
PGmc *bandjan-bendanbend (a bow)bandjan- > bąndjan > bændjan > bendan
PGmc *banjōbenuwoundbanjō > bąnnju > bænnju > bennbenn
PGmc *brannjan-bærnanmake burnbrannjan- > brąnnjan > brænnjan > bærnan
PGmc *brannijanąbærnanmake burnbrannijaną > brąnnjan > brænnjan > bærnan
PGmc *dangjan-denċġanbeatdangjan- > dąnġjan > dænġjan > denġandenġan
PGmc *fanja-fenfen, swampfanja- > fąni > fæni > fenefene
PGmc *gramjan-gremianprovoke, angergramjan- > grąmmjan > græmmjan > gremmangremman
PGmc *hangjan-henġanto (make) hanghangjan- > hąnġjan > hænġjan > henġan
PGmc *hanhila-hēlaheelhanhila- > hą̄hil > hēhil > hēhelhēhel
PGmc *kambjan-cembancombkambjan- > kąmbjan > kæmbjan > cemban
PGmc *kanjan-cennanbring forthkanjan- > kąnnjan > kænnjan > cennan
PGmc *kannjan-cennanmake knownkannjan- > kąnnjan > kænnjan > cennan
PGmc *klammjan-clemmanclamp; to jamklammjan- > kląmmjan > klæmmjan > clemman
PGmc *lambiz-lamblamblambiz- > ląmbi > læmbi > lemblemb
PGmc *lamjan-lemianbeat (up), cripplelamjan- > ląmmjan > læmmjan > lemmanlemman
PGmc *landjō-lendenulower part of the back, kidney, loinlandjō- > ląndju > lændju > lendlend
PGmc *mangjan-menġanmixmangjan- > mąnġjan > mænġjan > menġan
PGmc *manja-menenecklacemanja- > mąni > mæni > mene
PGmc *manniska-mennischumanmanniska- > mąnnisk > mænnisk > mennescmennesc
PGmc *sankʷjan-sencancause to sinksankʷjan- > sąnkjan > sænkjan > sencan
PGmc *sprangjan-sprenġanmake jump, to make burstsprangjan- > sprąnġjan > sprænġjan > sprenġan
PGmc *þankjan-þenċanthinkþankjan- > þąnċjan > þænċjan > þenċan
PGmc *þwangi-þwanglatchetþwangi- > þwąnġi > þwænġi > þwenġþwenġ
PGmc *wandjan-wendancause to turnwandjan- > wąndjan > wændjan > wendan
PGmc *wrankjan-wrenċantwist, wringwrankjan- > wrąnċjan > wrænċjan > wrenċan
PGmc *hlankjan-*hlenċantwist, turnhlankjan- > hląnċjan > hlænċjan > hlenċan
PGmc *swammjan-*swemmanmake swimswammjan- > swąmmjan > swæmmjan > swemman
PGmc *tandjan-*tendankindletandjan- > tąndjan > tændjan > tendan
PGmc *skrankʷjan-*sċrencanmake fall(?)skrankʷjan- > sċrąnkjan > sċrænkjan > sċrencan
PGmc *tangja-*tenġeapproximatetangja- > tąnġi > tænġi > tenġtenġ
PGmc *klangjan-clenganmake stickklangjan- > kląnġjan > klænġjan > clenġanclenġan

Sequences

pwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-i-umlaut, next north-pwgmc-denasalization
pgmc-to-oe: previous oe-i-umlaut, next north-pwgmc-denasalization
pnwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-i-umlaut, next north-pwgmc-denasalization