Etymograph > Indo-European > Old English > Rules > oe-i-umlaut

Source: Ringe 2014:222

Examples

FromToGlossStepsExpected
PGmc *slagizsleġeblow, strokeslagiz > slæġi > sleġi > sleġe
PGmc *druhtizdryhtwar banddruhtiz > druhti > dryhti > dryht
PGmc *druhti-dryhtwar banddruhti- > dryhti > dryht
PGmc *hungrijanąhyngranto be hungryhungrijaną > hungrjan > hyngrjan > hyngran
PGmc *rugizryġeryerugiz > ruġi > ryġi > ryġe
PGmc *wurmizwyrmworm, snakewurmiz > wurmi > wyrmi > wyrm
PNWGmc *kussijanącyssanto kisskussijaną > kussjan > kyssjan > cyssan
PGmc *kussjan-cyssankisskussjan- > kyssjan > cyssan
PGmc *brūdizbrȳdbridebrūdiz > brūdi > brȳdi > brȳd
PWGmc *brūkībrȳċeusefulbrūkī > brūċī > brȳċī > brȳċe
PGmc *hūdizhȳdskinhūdiz > hūdi > hȳdi > hȳd
PWGmc *swōtīswētesweet, pleasantswōtī > swētī > swēte
PGmc *matizmetefoodmatiz > mæti > meti > mete
PGmc *alinōelnforearmalinō > ælinu > elinu > eln
PWGmc *saliþuselddwellingsaliþu > sæliþu > seliþu > selþselþ
PNWGmc *langizôlengralongerlangizô > ląnġirā > lenġirā > lengra
PWGmc *dailidǣlpartdaili > dāli > dǣli > dǣl
PNWGmc *kussidēcyste(s)he kissedkussidē > kyssidē > cyste
PGmc *ubilazyfelevil, badubilaz > uβil > yβil > yfel
PGmc *burizbyrebornburiz > buri > byri > byre
PGmc *buri-byresonburi- > byri > byre
PGmc *hupizhypehiphupiz > hupi > hypi > hype
PGmc *hugjanąhyċġanto thinkhugjaną > huċġjan > hyċġjan > hyċġan
PGmc *wurkijanąwyrċanto work, to makewurkijaną > wurċjan > wyrċjan > wyrċan
PGmc *wurkjan-wyrċanto work, to makewurkjan- > wurċjan > wyrċjan > wyrċan
PGmc *fullijanąfyllanto fillfullijaną > fulljan > fylljan > fyllan
PGmc *kunjącynnlineagekunją > kuni > kyni > cynecyne
PGmc *kunja-cynnlineagekunja- > kuni > kyni > cynecyne
PGmc *gulþīnazgyldengoldengulþīnaz > guldīn > gyldīn > gylden
PGmc *umbiymbearoundumbi > ymbi > ymbymb
PGmc *þunkijanąþynċanto seemþunkijaną > þunċjan > þynċjan > þynċan
PGmc *þunkjan-þynċanto seemþunkjan- > þunċjan > þynċjan > þynċan
PWGmc *andīendeendandī > ændī > endī > ende
PWGmc *hwaitīhwǣtewheathwaitī > hwātī > hwǣtī > hwǣte
PGmc *hʷali-hwælwhalehʷali- > hwæli > hweli > hwelehwele
PWGmc *habbjanhebbanto lifthabbjan > hæbbjan > hebbjan > hebban
PWGmc *sattjansettanto seat, to setsattjan > sættjan > settjan > settan
PGmc *satjan-settanto seat, to setsatjan- > sættjan > settjan > settan
PWGmc *wakkjanweċċanto wakenwakkjan > wæċċjan > weċċjan > weċċan
PGmc *wakjan-weċċanto wakenwakjan- > wæċċjan > weċċjan > weċċan
PWGmc *laggjanleċġanto laylaggjan > læċġjan > leċġjan > leċġan
PGmc *lagjan-leċġanto laylagjan- > læċġjan > leċġjan > leċġan
PWGmc *buggjanbyċġanto buybuggjan > buċġjan > byċġjan > byċġan
PWGmc *þannjanþennanto extendþannjan > þænnjan > þennjan > þennan
PWGmc *halljuhellhellhallju > hællju > hellju > hell
PWGmc *alljanellenzealalljan > ælljan > elljan > ellanellan
PGmc *aljana-ellenzealaljana- > ælljan > elljan > ellanellan
PWGmc *frammjanfremmanto furtherframmjan > fræmmjan > fremmjan > fremman
PWGmc *aijǣġeggaij > āj > ǣj > ǣġ
PWGmc *laizijanlǣranto teachlaizijan > lārjan > lǣrjan > lǣran
PGmc *laizjan-lǣranto teachlaizjan- > lārjan > lǣrjan > lǣran
PWGmc *hazjanherianto praisehazjan > hærjan > herjan > herian
PWGmc *wazjanwerianto clothewazjan > wærjan > werjan > werian
PGmc *wazjan-werianto clothewazjan- > wærjan > werjan > werian
PWGmc *marzijanmierranto disturb, to hindermarzijan > mærrjan > merrjan > merranmerran
PGmc *marzjan-mierranto disturb, to hinder, to impedemarzjan- > mærrjan > merrjan > merranmerran
PGmc *nanþijanąnēþanto be boldnanþijaną > nōþjan > nēþjan > nēþan
PGmc *nanþjan-nēþanto be boldnanþjan- > nōþjan > nēþjan > nēþan
PGmc *kunþijanącȳþanto make knownkunþijaną > kūþjan > kȳþjan > cȳþan
PGmc *gunþizgūþbattlegunþiz > gūþi > gȳþi > gȳþgȳþ
PGmc *gunþī-gūþbattlegunþī- > gūþi > gȳþi > gȳþgȳþ
PNWGmc *unþizȳþwaveunþiz > ūþi > ȳþi > ȳþ
PGmc *unþī-ȳþwaveunþī- > ūþi > ȳþi > ȳþ
PWGmc *fanþijōfēþatraveller on footfanþijō > fōþjā > fēþjā > fēþa
PGmc *fanþjan-fēþafoot soldier(?)fanþjan- > fōþjan > fēþjan > fēþanfēþan
PGmc *anstizēstfavoranstiz > ōsti > ēsti > ēst
PWGmc *unstiȳststormunsti > ūsti > ȳsti > ȳst
PGmc *unsti-ȳststormunsti- > ūsti > ȳsti > ȳst
PNWGmc *wānijanąwēnanto expect, to hopewānijaną > wōnjan > wēnjan > wēnan
PGmc *lēwjan-lǣwanto betraylēwjan- > lāwjan > lǣwjan > lǣwan
PWGmc *dōmijandēmanto judgedōmijan > dōmjan > dēmjan > dēman
PWGmc *sōkijansēċanto look for, to seeksōkijan > sōċjan > sēċjan > sēċan
PGmc *sōkjan-sēċanto look for, to seeksōkjan- > sōċjan > sēċjan > sēċan
PWGmc *raikijanrǣċanto reachraikijan > rāċjan > rǣċjan > rǣċan
PWGmc *kampijōcempawarriorkampijō > kompjā > kempjā > cempa
PGmc *drankijanądrenċanto give to drinkdrankijaną > drąnċjan > drenċjan > drenċan
PGmc *drankjan-drenċanto give to drinkdrankjan- > drąnċjan > drenċjan > drenċan
PGmc *hugizhyġethought, understandinghugiz > huġi > hyġi > hyġe
PNWGmc *bankizbenċbenchbankiz > bąnċi > benċi > benċ
PGmc *banki-benċbenchbanki- > bąnċi > benċi > benċ
PNWGmc *stukkijąstyċċepiecestukkiją > stuċċī > styċċī > styċċe
PGmc *stukkja-styċċepiecestukkja- > stuċċi > styċċi > styċċstyċċ
PNWGmc *fangizfenġgrasp, bootyfangiz > fąnġi > fenġi > fenġ
PGmc *fangi-fenġcatchfangi- > fąnġi > fenġi > fenġ
PNWGmc *strangizstrenġstringstrangiz > strąnġi > strenġi > strenġ
PGmc *strangi-strenġstring, cord, ropestrangi- > strąnġi > strenġi > strenġ
PWGmc *gangīgenġepassablegangī > gonġī > genġīgenġī
PGmc *gangi-genġepassablegangi- > gąnġi > genġi > genġgenġ
PNWGmc *swōgizswēġsoundswōgiz > swōġi > swēġi > swēġ
PNWGmc *hnaigijanąhnǣġanto lower, to cause to bowhnaigijaną > hnāġjan > hnǣġjan > hnǣġan
PGmc *hnaigjan-hnǣġanmake bow (down)hnaigjan- > hnāġjan > hnǣġjan > hnǣġan
PWGmc *brukibryċe(a) breakbruki > bruċi > bryċi > bryċe
PGmc *bruki-bryċebreachbruki- > bruċi > bryċi > bryċe
PWGmc *flaiskiflǣsċflesh, meatflaiski > flāsċi > flǣsċi > flǣsċ
PWGmc *þrukkijanþryċċanto press, to oppressþrukkijan > þruċċjan > þryċċjan > þryċċan
PWGmc *waigīwǣġecupwaigī > wāġī > wǣġī > wǣġe
PNWGmc *þangilazþenġelprinceþangilaz > þąnġil > þenġil > þenġel
PWGmc *hangisthenġeststallionhangist > hænġist > henġist > henġest
PGmc *hangista-henġesthorse; stallion(?); gelding(?)hangista- > hąnġist > henġist > henġest
PWGmc *angilenġelangelangil > ænġil > enġil > enġel
PWGmc *aggjueċġedgeaggju > æċġju > eċġju > eċġ
PNWGmc *þakkjanþeċċanto coverþakkjan > þæċċjan > þeċċjan > þeċċan
PWGmc *bruggjubryċġbridgebruggju > bruċġju > bryċġju > bryċġ
PGmc *brujjō-bryċġbridgebrujjō- > bruiju > bryiju > bryiġbryiġ
PWGmc *kuningcyningheadmankuning > kyning > cynengcyneng
PGmc *kuninga-cyningheadmankuninga- > kuning > kyning > cynengcyneng
PGmc *furhtijanąfyrhtanto frightenfurhtijaną > furhtjan > fyrhtjan > fyrhtan
PGmc *furhtjan-fyrhtanto frightenfurhtjan- > fyrhtjan > fyrhtan
PWGmc *dunnjandynnanto make a loud noisedunnjan > dynnjan > dynnan
PWGmc *wunnjuwynnjoywunnju > wynnju > wynn
PWGmc *tussjātyssecoarse clothtussjā > tussjǣ > tyssjǣ > tysse
PGmc *būsnizbȳsenthing offeredbūsniz > būsni > bȳsni > bȳsen
PWGmc *garūnīġerȳne(secret) meeting, conspiracygarūnī > ġærūnī > ġærȳnī > ġerȳne
PNWGmc *dūbijanądȳfanto dip, to immersedūbijaną > dūβjan > dȳβjan > dȳfan
PNWGmc *rūmijanąrȳmanto make room, to clear outrūmijaną > rūmjan > rȳmjan > rȳman
PNWGmc *snūtijanąsnȳtanto blow one's nosesnūtijaną > snūtjan > snȳtjan > snȳtan
PNWGmc *sūlizsȳlpillarsūliz > sūli > sȳli > sȳl
PGmc *sūli-sȳlpillar, columnsūli- > sȳli > sȳl
PNWGmc *þrūþizþrȳþpowerþrūþiz > þrūþi > þrȳþi > þrȳþ
PGmc *þrūþi-þrȳþpowerþrūþi- > þrȳþi > þrȳþ
PWGmc *fūliþufȳlþrottennessfūliþu > fȳliþu > fȳlþ
PWGmc *fūstifȳstfistfūsti > fȳsti > fȳst
PGmc *funhsti-fȳstfistfunhsti- > fūsti > fȳsti > fȳst
PWGmc *hlūdijanhlȳdanto make a loud noisehlūdijan > hlūdjan > hlȳdjan > hlȳdan
PWGmc *sūbrīsȳfresober, chaste, cleansūbrī > sȳβrī > sȳfre
PWGmc *tūnijantȳnanto enclosetūnijan > tūnjan > tȳnjan > tȳnan
PNWGmc *funsijanąfȳsanto make ready to gofunsijaną > fūsjan > fȳsjan > fȳsan
PNWGmc *wunskijanąwȳsċanto wishwunskijaną > wūsċjan > wȳsċjan > wȳsċan
PGmc *wunskjan-wȳsċanwishwunskjan- > wūsċjan > wȳsċjan > wȳsċan
PWGmc *hunþijanhȳþanto plunder, to make captivehunþijan > hūþjan > hȳþjan > hȳþan
PGmc *fōdijanąfēdanto feedfōdijaną > fōdjan > fēdjan > fēdan
PGmc *fōdjan-fēdanto feedfōdjan- > fēdjan > fēdan
PGmc *wōpijanąwēpanto callwōpijaną > wōpjan > wēpjan > wēpan
PGmc *mōtijanąmētanto meetmōtijaną > mōtjan > mētjan > mētan
PGmc *mōtjan-mētanto meetmōtjan- > mētjan > mētan
PGmc *grōtijanągrētanto cause to weepgrōtijaną > grōtjan > grētjan > grētan
PNWGmc *bōnizbēnprayer, requestbōniz > bōni > bēni > bēn
PWGmc *grōnīgrēnegreengrōnī > grēnī > grēne
PGmc *grōni-grēnegreengrōni- > grēni > grēngrēn
PWGmc *fōgijanfēġanto fit togetherfōgijan > fōġjan > fēġjan > fēġan
PGmc *fōgjan-fēġanjoin togetherfōgjan- > fōġjan > fēġjan > fēġan
PWGmc *brōgijanbrēġanto terrifybrōgijan > brōġjan > brēġjan > brēġan
PGmc *sandijanąsendanto sendsandijaną > sąndjan > sendjan > sendan
PGmc *sandjan-sendanto sendsandjan- > sąndjan > sendjan > sendan
PGmc *banjōbennwoundbanjō > bąnnju > bennju > benn
PNWGmc *kanipazcenepmoustachekanipaz > kąnip > kenip > cenep
PWGmc *hamiþīhemeþeshirthamiþī > hæmiþī > hemiþī > hemiþehemiþe
PNWGmc *wānizwēnhope, expectationwāniz > wōni > wēni > wēn
PNWGmc *sanþijanąsēþanto declare truesanþijaną > sōþjan > sēþjan > sēþan
PWGmc *samftīsēftesoft, gentlesamftī > sōftī > sēftī > sēfte
PGmc *airizǣrearlierairiz > āri > ǣri > ǣr
PGmc *hailijanąhǣlanto heal, to curehailijaną > hāljan > hǣljan > hǣlan
PGmc *laibijanąlǣfanto leave (over)laibijaną > lāβjan > lǣβjan > lǣfan
PGmc *laibjan-lǣfanto leave (over)laibjan- > lāβjan > lǣβjan > lǣfan
PGmc *laidijanąlǣdanto make golaidijaną > lādjan > lǣdjan > lǣdan
PGmc *laidjan-lǣdanto make golaidjan- > lādjan > lǣdjan > lǣdan
PGmc *laistijanąlǣstanto followlaistijaną > lāstjan > lǣstjan > lǣstan
PGmc *aihtizǣhtproperty, possessionsaihtiz > āhti > ǣhti > ǣht
PGmc *haiþīhǣþopen countryhaiþī > hāþi > hǣþi > hǣþ
PWGmc *þaisimōþǣsmayeastþaisimō > þāsimā > þǣsimā > þǣsma
PGmc *satīnizsetensetting, seatingsatīniz > sætīn > setīn > seten
PGmc *aglijanąeġlanto treat badly, to harmaglijaną > æġljan > eġljan > eġlan
PGmc *asnijazesneharvest-worker, hired manasnijaz > æsnī > esnī > esne
PWGmc *awieowueweawi > æwi > ewi > eeee
PWGmc *hariherearmyhari > hæri > heri > here
PGmc *arjanąerianto plowarjaną > ærjan > erjan > erian
PNWGmc *klawiþôcleweþaitchklawiþô > klæwiþā > klewiþā > cleiþacleiþa
PNWGmc *fatilazfetelstrapfatilaz > fætil > fetil > fetel
PNWGmc *hadinazhedenhooded jackethadinaz > hædin > hedin > heden
PNWGmc *hrappijanąhreppanto grasphrappijaną > hræppjan > hreppjan > hreppan
PWGmc *habīghefiġheavyhabīg > hæβīġ > heβīġ > hefiġ
PWGmc *agiþāeġeþerake, harrowagiþā > æġiþǣ > eġiþǣ > eġiþeeġiþe
PWGmc *rafsijanrefsanto reproach, to blamerafsijan > ræfsjan > refsjan > refsan
PWGmc *rastijanrestanto restrastijan > ræstjan > restjan > restan
PGmc *rakjanąreċċanto stretch outrakjaną > ræċċjan > reċċjan > reċċan
PGmc *saljanąsellanto hand over, to givesaljaną > sælljan > selljan > sellan
PGmc *saljan-sellanto hand over, to givesaljan- > sælljan > selljan > sellan
PGmc *sagjanąseċġanto saysagjaną > sæċġjan > seċġjan > seċġan
PNWGmc *taljanątellanto count, to narratetaljaną > tælljan > telljan > tellan
PGmc *laiwizakōn-lāwriċelarklaiwizakōn- > lāwirækān > lǣwirækān > lǣrcanlǣrcan
PWGmc *grundilāgryndlename of a species of fishgrundilā > grundilǣ > gryndilǣ > gryndle
PWGmc *skuldihaitijōsċyldhǣtadeputy, bailiffskuldihaitijō > sċuldiohātjā > sċyldiohātjā > sċyldēotasċyldēota
PWGmc *ubisuyfeshallubisu > yβisu > yfes
PWGmc *luginulyġenlieluginu > luġinu > lyġinu > lyġen
PGmc *luginō-lyġenlie, falsehoodluginō- > luġinu > lyġinu > lyġen
PNWGmc *bandibendfetterbandi > bąndi > bendi > bend
PWGmc *wurtiwyrtroot, plantwurti > wyrti > wyrt
PGmc *hanipa-henephemphanipa- > hąnip > henip > henep
PWGmc *þurhilþȳrelperforatedþurhil > þyrhil > þȳrel
PWGmc *flaiskiflæsċflesh, meatflaiski > flāsċi > flǣsċi > flǣsċflǣsċ
PWGmc *faitidfǣttfattened, made fatfaitid > fātid > fǣtid > fǣtedfǣted
PGmc *frōknizfrēcnedaringfrōkniz > frōkni > frēkni > frēcenfrēcen
PGmc *abnjanąefnanexecuteabnjaną > æβnjan > eβnjan > efnan
PGmc *saiwizseasaiwiz > sāwi > sǣwi > sǣ
PGmc *agiz-eġefearagiz- > æġi > eġi > eġe
PGmc *agila-eġlawnagila- > æġil > eġil > eġeleġel
PGmc *ailida-ǣledfireailida- > ālid > ǣlid > ǣled
PGmc *aiþja-ǣþecapable of taking an oathaiþja- > āþi > ǣþi > ǣþǣþ
PGmc *andizendearlier, ratherandiz > ąndi > endi > end
PWGmc *aiwiǣlawaiwi > āwi > ǣwi > ǣ
PGmc *alis-aloralderalis- > ælis > elis > eleseles
PGmc *awi-ēowsheepawi- > æwi > ewi > eeee
PGmc *awidja-eowdeflock of sheepawidja- > æwidi > ewidi > eedeed
PGmc *awista-ēowestresheepfoldawista- > æwist > ewist > eesteest
PGmc *badja-bedbed, beddingbadja- > bædi > bedi > bedebede
PGmc *baidjan-bǣdanforce, demandbaidjan- > bādjan > bǣdjan > bǣdan
PGmc *bakja-beċecreekbakja- > bæċi > beċi > beċe
PGmc *bandjan-bendanbend (a bow)bandjan- > bąndjan > bendjan > bendan
PGmc *banjōbenuwoundbanjō > bąnnju > bennju > bennbenn
PGmc *bariz-berebarleybariz- > bæri > beri > bere
PGmc *basja-berigeberrybasja- > bæsi > besi > besebese
PGmc *batizbetbetterbatiz > bæti > beti > betebete
PGmc *blōdi-blēdbloomblōdi- > blēdi > blēd
PGmc *bōni-bōnrequest, prayerbōni- > bēni > bēnbēn
PGmc *bōnjan-bōniandecoratebōnjan- > bēnjan > bēnanbēnan
PGmc *brannjan-bærnanmake burnbrannjan- > brąnnjan > brennjan > bernanbernan
PGmc *brannijanąbærnanmake burnbrannijaną > brąnnjan > brennjan > bernanbernan
PGmc *brunjōn-byrnebreastplatebrunjōn- > brunnjān > brynnjān > brynnanbrynnan
PGmc *bulgjan-bylġianbellowbulgjan- > bulġjan > bylġjan > bylġanbylġan
PGmc *burdi-byrdbirthburdi- > byrdi > byrd
PGmc *burgjan-byrianhide(?)burgjan- > burġjan > byrġjan > byrian
PGmc *dangjan-denċġanbeatdangjan- > dąnġjan > denġjan > denġandenġan
PGmc *darjan-derianhurtdarjan- > dærjan > derjan > derian
PGmc *drunki-drynċdrinkdrunki- > drunċi > drynċi > drynċ
PGmc *dursti-dyrstcouragedursti- > dyrsti > dyrst
PGmc *dwaljan-dweliandelay, hinderdwaljan- > dwælljan > dwelljan > dwellandwellan
PGmc *faigi-fǣġebound to diefaigi- > fāġi > fǣġi > fǣġfǣġ
PGmc *falljan-fiellanfellfalljan- > fælljan > felljan > fellanfellan
PGmc *fanja-fenfen, swampfanja- > fąni > feni > fenefene
PGmc *flatja-flettfloorflatja- > flæti > fleti > fleteflete
PGmc *fōljan-fēlanfeelfōljan- > fēljan > fēlan
PGmc *fōri-fērepassable; able to gofōri- > fēri > fērfēr
PGmc *fōrjan-fēranleadfōrjan- > fērjan > fēran
PGmc *furiforin front of, forfuri > fyri > fyrefyre
PGmc *fūrjan-fȳrancastratefūrjan- > fȳrjan > fȳran
PGmc *glōdi-glēdglowglōdi- > glēdi > glēd
PGmc *gramjan-gremianprovoke, angergramjan- > grąmmjan > gremmjan > gremmangremman
PGmc *grōtjan-grētanmake shout, greetgrōtjan- > grētjan > grētan
PGmc *gurdjan-gyrdangirdgurdjan- > gyrdjan > gyrdan
PGmc *haifsti-hǣstconflicthaifsti- > hāfsti > hǣfsti > hæfsthæfst
PGmc *haljōhelhellhaljō > hællju > hellju > hellhell
PGmc *hangjan-henġanto (make) hanghangjan- > hąnġjan > henġjan > henġan
PGmc *hanhila-hēlaheelhanhila- > hōhil > hēhil > hēhelhēhel
PGmc *hatiz-hetehatredhatiz- > hæti > heti > hete
PGmc *hlainjan-hlǣnancause to leanhlainjan- > hlānjan > hlǣnjan > hlǣnan
PGmc *hluni-hlynmaple treehluni- > hlyni > hlynehlyne
PGmc *hlusti-hlysthearing, listeninghlusti- > hlysti > hlyst
PGmc *hōkīna-hēċenkid, young goathōkīna- > hōċīn > hēċīn > hēċen
PGmc *hrairja-hrēre-brǣdrearhrairja- > hrāri > hrǣri > hrǣrhrǣr
PGmc *hrōþi-hrēðgloryhrōþi- > hrēþi > hrēð
PGmc *hrugja-hrycgridge; backhrugja- > hruġi > hryġi > hryġehryġe
PGmc *hruþjan-hryþþamale doghruþjan- > hruþþjan > hryþþjan > hryþþanhryþþan
PGmc *hurjan-hyrianrepeat?hurjan- > hyrjan > hyrian
PGmc *hūzjan-hȳranhirehūzjan- > hūrjan > hȳrjan > hȳran
PGmc *jukjan-ġyċċanitchjukjan- > juċċjan > jyċċjan > ġyċċan
PGmc *kambjan-cembancombkambjan- > kąmbjan > kembjan > cemban
PGmc *kanjan-cennanbring forthkanjan- > kąnnjan > kennjan > cennan
PGmc *kannjan-cennanmake knownkannjan- > kąnnjan > kennjan > cennan
PGmc *klainja-clǣnefineklainja- > klāni > klǣni > clǣnclǣn
PGmc *klaiwiz-clāfrecloverklaiwiz- > klāwi > klǣwi > clǣclǣ
PGmc *klajja-clǣġclayklajja- > klāj > klǣj > clǣġ
PGmc *klammjan-clemmanclamp; to jamklammjan- > kląmmjan > klemmjan > clemman
PGmc *klunjan-clynnansound?klunjan- > klunnjan > klynnjan > clynnan
PGmc *kōni-cēneablekōni- > kēni > cēncēn
PGmc *krupila-crypelcripplekrupila- > krupil > krypil > crypel
PGmc *kruppjan-cryppanbend, stoopkruppjan- > kryppjan > cryppan
PGmc *kusti-cysttrialkusti- > kysti > cyst
PGmc *kʷaljan-cwellanmake suffer, painkʷaljan- > kwælljan > kwelljan > cwellan
PGmc *laisizan-*lǣssalesslaisizan- > lāsiran > lǣsiran > lǣsranlǣsran
PGmc *laisti-lǣsttrack, tracelaisti- > lāsti > lǣsti > lǣst
PGmc *lakjan-læċċangrablakjan- > læċċjan > leċċjan > leċċanleċċan
PGmc *lakjan-leċċancause to leak, moistenlakjan- > læċċjan > leċċjan > leċċan
PGmc *lambiz-lamblamblambiz- > ląmbi > lembi > lemblemb
PGmc *lamjan-lemianbeat (up), cripplelamjan- > ląmmjan > lemmjan > lemmanlemman
PGmc *landjō-lendenulower part of the back, kidney, loinlandjō- > londju > lendju > lendlend
PGmc *lasiwa-lysuweak, feeblelasiwa- > læsiow > lesiow > leseowleseow
PGmc *lawiz-lēowham, thighlawiz- > læwi > lewi > leelee
PGmc *lubja-lybherb, potionlubja- > luβi > lyβi > lyfelyfe
PGmc *lugi-lyggedeceitful, falselugi- > luġi > lyġi > lyġelyġe
PGmc *luniz-lynislinchpinluniz- > luni > lyni > lynelyne
PGmc *mainjan-mǣnianthinkmainjan- > mānjan > mǣnjan > mǣnanmǣnan
PGmc *mairja-land-gemǣremooring-postmairja- > māri > mǣri > mǣrmǣr
PGmc *mangjan-menġanmixmangjan- > mąnġjan > menġjan > menġan
PGmc *manja-menenecklacemanja- > mąni > meni > mene
PGmc *manniska-mennischumanmanniska- > monnisk > mennisk > mennescmennesc
PGmc *mari-merelake, seamari- > mæri > meri > mere
PGmc *marikan-mercewild celery, smallagemarikan- > mærikan > mericanmerican
PGmc *masjinga-mæslingbrassmasjinga- > mæssjing > messjing > messengmesseng
PGmc *muni-mynethought, mindmuni- > myni > myne
PGmc *muniwōn-myneminnowmuniwōn- > muniowān > myniowān > myneowanmyneowan
PGmc *muwī-mycgemosquitomuwī- > muwi > mywi > myemye
PGmc *nabja-nebbbeaknabja- > næβi > neβi > nefenefe
PGmc *natja-netnetnatja- > næti > neti > netenete
PGmc *nazjan-neriansave, healnazjan- > nærjan > nerjan > nerian
PGmc *nuti-nytusefulnuti- > nyti > nytenyte
PGmc *pagila-pæġelmeasuring stick(?)pagila- > pæġil > peġil > peġelpeġel
PGmc *plukkjan-plyċċeanpluckplukkjan- > pluċċjan > plyċċjan > plyċċanplyċċan
PGmc *raizjan-rǣrancause to rise, raiseraizjan- > rārjan > rǣrjan > rǣran
PGmc *rōkjan-rēċanheedrōkjan- > rōċjan > rēċjan > rēċan
PGmc *runi-rynerun, streamruni- > ryni > ryne
PGmc *rusila-ryselfatrusila- > rusil > rysil > rysel
PGmc *sagja-secgman, herosagja- > sæġi > seġi > seġeseġe
PGmc *sagja-secgsedgesagja- > sæġi > seġi > seġeseġe
PGmc *salihōn-sealhsallow, willowsalihōn- > sæliohān > seliohān > selēonselēon
PGmc *saliz-sælhall, housesaliz- > sæli > seli > selesele
PGmc *sankʷjan-sencancause to sinksankʷjan- > sąnkjan > senkjan > sencan
PGmc *skuldi-sċylddebt, guiltskuldi- > sċuldi > sċyldi > sċyld
PGmc *skuti-sċyteshootingskuti- > sċuti > sċyti > sċyte
PGmc *spōdi-spēdsuccess; speedspōdi- > spēdi > spēd
PGmc *spraidjan-sprǣdanspread, dispersespraidjan- > sprādjan > sprǣdjan > sprǣdan
PGmc *sprangjan-sprenġanmake jump, to make burstsprangjan- > sprąnġjan > sprenġjan > sprenġan
PGmc *spurdi-spyrdtrack, coursespurdi- > spyrdi > spyrd
PGmc *spurjan-spyrianfollow a trackspurjan- > spyrjan > spyrian
PGmc *stadi-stedeplace, townstadi- > stædi > stedi > stede
PGmc *stunkʷi-stenċhit; smellstunkʷi- > stunki > stynki > styncstync
PGmc *sturjan-styriasturgeonsturjan- > styrjan > styrianstyrian
PGmc *swabjan-swebbancause to sleepswabjan- > swæββjan > sweββjan > sweffansweffan
PGmc *swuli-swyleboilswuli- > swyli > swyle
PGmc *swulti-swyltstarvationswulti- > swylti > swylt
PGmc *taisjan-tǣsanpluck, card, pricktaisjan- > tāsjan > tǣsjan > tǣsan
PGmc *tuhti-tyhtpullingtuhti- > tyhti > tyht
PGmc *twalifa-twelftwelvetwalifa- > twælif > twelif > tweleftwelef
PGmc *þaismjan-þǣsmasourdoughþaismjan- > þāsmjan > þǣsmjan > þǣsmanþǣsman
PGmc *þakjan-þeċċanburnþakjan- > þæċċjan > þeċċjan > þeċċan
PGmc *þankjan-þenċanthinkþankjan- > þąnċjan > þenċjan > þenċan
PGmc *þragjan-þræganrunþragjan- > þræċġjan > þreċġjan > þreċġanþreċġan
PGmc *þuli-þylereciterþuli- > þyli > þyle
PGmc *þurisa-þyrsgiantþurisa- > þuris > þyris > þyresþyres
PGmc *þwangi-þwanglatchetþwangi- > þwonġi > þwenġi > þweniþweni
PGmc *uwwilōn-ūleowluwwilōn- > ūwilān > ȳwilān > ȳlanȳlan
PGmc *wabja-webbwebwabja- > wæβi > weβi > wefewefe
PGmc *wadja-wedpledge, suretywadja- > wædi > wedi > wedewede
PGmc *wagja-wecgwedgewagja- > wæġi > weġi > weġeweġe
PGmc *wandjan-wendancause to turnwandjan- > wąndjan > wendjan > wendan
PGmc *warjan-werianhinder, preventwarjan- > wærjan > werjan > werian
PGmc *wōrja-wēriġintoxicatedwōrja- > wōri > wēri > wērwēr
PGmc *wōþja-wēþesweet, pleasantwōþja- > wōþi > wēþi > wēþwēþ
PGmc *wrakjan-wreċċapersecutorwrakjan- > wræċċjan > wreċċjan > wreċċanwreċċan
PGmc *wrankjan-wrenċantwist, wringwrankjan- > wrąnċjan > wrenċjan > wrenċan
PGmc *wratjōn-wrættemadderwratjōn- > wrættjān > wrettjān > wrettanwrettan
PGmc *wurdi-wyrdfate, chancewurdi- > wyrdi > wyrd
PGmc *burjan-*byrianraise; to come to passburjan- > byrjan > byrian
PGmc *dōbi-*dēfesuited, fitdōbi- > dēβi > dēfdēf
PGmc *hlankjan-*hlenċantwist, turnhlankjan- > hląnċjan > hlenċjan > hlenċan
PGmc *swammjan-*swemmanmake swimswammjan- > swąmmjan > swemmjan > swemman
PGmc *mundi-*myndmemory, mindmundi- > myndi > mynd
PGmc *tandjan-*tendankindletandjan- > tąndjan > tendjan > tendan
PGmc *skrankʷjan-*sċrencanmake fall(?)skrankʷjan- > sċrąnkjan > sċrenkjan > sċrencan
PGmc *þunhjan-*þȳwanpressþunhjan- > þūhjan > þȳhjan > þȳhanþȳhan
PGmc *tangja-*tenġeapproximatetangja- > tąnġi > tenġi > tenġtenġ
PGmc *barjan-berianfightbarjan- > bærjan > berjan > berian
PGmc *þurzjan-þyrrianbe thirstyþurzjan- > þurrjan > þyrrjan > þyrranþyrran
PGmc *ōgjan-*œganfearōgjan- > ōġjan > ēġjan > ēġanēġan
PGmc *wurgjan-wyrġanstranglewurgjan- > wurġjan > wyrġjan > wyrġan
PGmc *taikjan-tǣċanshowtaikjan- > tāċjan > tǣċjan > tǣċan
PGmc *klangjan-clenganmake stickklangjan- > klonġjan > klenġjan > clenianclenian
PGmc *swarjan-swerianswearswarjan- > swærjan > swerjan > swerian

Orphan Examples

FromToGlossSteps
PGmc *hʷaja-hwæġwheyhʷaja- > hwæj > hwæj > hwæġ

Related rules

oe-front-mutate-vowel

Sequences

pwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-palatal-diphtongization, next north-pwgmc-denasalization
pgmc-to-oe: previous oe-palatal-diphtongization, next north-pwgmc-denasalization
pnwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-palatal-diphtongization, next north-pwgmc-denasalization