Etymograph > Indo-European > Old English > Rules

Grammar: Noun

Paradigm

oe-acc-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-n/-an
oe-gen-s{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-es{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-an
oe-dat-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-e/-an
oe-nom-pl-g-as{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-g-u{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ru/-an
oe-acc-pl-g-as{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-g-u{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ru/-an
oe-gen-pl-g-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-a/-a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅/-ena/-ra
oe-dat-pl-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-umæ > a/-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a/-um/-rum

Grammar: Adjective Weak

Paradigm

oe-adj-weak-nom-sg-m-a/-aæ > a
oe-adj-weak-acc-sg-m-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-gen-sg-m-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-dat-sg-m-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-nom-pl-m-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-acc-pl-m-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-gen-pl-m-ra
oe-adj-weak-dat-pl-m-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-weak-nom-sg-f-e
oe-adj-weak-acc-sg-f-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-gen-sg-f-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-dat-sg-f-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-nom-pl-f-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-acc-pl-f-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-gen-pl-f-ra
oe-adj-weak-dat-pl-f-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-weak-nom-sg-n-e
oe-adj-weak-acc-sg-n-e
oe-adj-weak-gen-sg-n-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-dat-sg-n-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-nom-pl-n-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-acc-pl-n-a/-aæ > a-n
oe-adj-weak-gen-pl-n-ra
oe-adj-weak-dat-pl-n-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a

Grammar: Adjective Strong

Paradigm

oe-adj-strong-acc-sg-m-ne
oe-adj-strong-gen-sg-m-es{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-strong-dat-sg-m-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-strong-inst-sg-m-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-strong-nom-pl-m-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅
oe-adj-strong-acc-pl-m-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅
oe-adj-strong-gen-pl-m-ra
oe-adj-strong-dat-pl-m-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-strong-inst-pl-m-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-strong-nom-sg-f-uæ > a
oe-adj-strong-acc-sg-f-eæ > a
oe-adj-strong-gen-sg-f-re
oe-adj-strong-dat-sg-f-re
oe-adj-strong-instr-sg-f-re
oe-adj-strong-nom-pl-f-a/-aæ > a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅
oe-adj-strong-acc-pl-f-a/-aæ > a{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅
oe-adj-strong-gen-pl-f-ra
oe-adj-strong-dat-pl-f-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-strong-instr-pl-f-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-strong-nom-sg-n
oe-adj-strong-acc-sg-n
oe-adj-strong-gen-sg-n-es{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-strong-dat-sg-n-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-strong-instr-sg-n-e{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-strong-nom-pl-n-eæ > a
oe-adj-strong-acc-pl-n-eæ > a
oe-adj-strong-gen-pl-n-ra
oe-adj-strong-dat-pl-n-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a
oe-adj-strong-instr-pl-n-g-um{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅æ > a

Grammar: Verb Present

Paradigm

oe-1sg-e
oe-2sg-st
oe-3sg
oe-1pl-on/-aþ
oe-1pl-before-pron-e
oe-2pl-on/-aþ
oe-2pl-before-pron-e
oe-3pl-on/-aþ

Grammar: Verb Past

Paradigm

oe-past-1sg-e
oe-past-2sg-est/-e
oe-past-3sg-e
oe-past-1pl-d/-ed/-t/-od-on
oe-past-2pl-d/-ed/-t/-od-on
oe-past-3pl-d/-ed/-t/-od-on

Grammar: Verb Subjunctive

Paradigm

oe-subj-1sg-e
oe-subj-2sg-e
oe-subj-3sg-e
oe-subj-1pl-en
oe-subj-2pl-en
oe-subj-3pl-en

Grammar: Verb Subjunctive Past

Paradigm

oe-subj-past-1sg-e
oe-subj-past-2sg-e
oe-subj-past-3sg-e
oe-subj-past-1pl-en
oe-subj-past-2pl-en
oe-subj-past-3pl-en

Grammar: Verb Non-finite Forms

Paradigm

oe-inflected-infinitive-enne
oe-active-participle-ende
oe-passive-participle-en/-ed

Phonetics: pwgmc-to-oe

Derivations | Report

post-pwgmc-intervocalic-zz > r / {V|j}_{V|j}, z > r / {V|j}r_{V|j}
post-pwgmc-monosyllabic-zaiz > ā / C_, iz > ē / C_, uz > ū / C_
post-pwgmc-remaining-zz > r
north-pwgmc-nasals-before-fricatives[+syllabic,+low][-syllabic,nasal] > [+long,nasal] / _[-sonorant,+continuant], [+syllabic][-syllabic,nasal] > [+long] / _[-sonorant,+continuant]
north-pwgmc-e-before-me > i / _m
north-pwgmc-nasalization{a|ā} > {ą|ą̄} / _[-syllabic,nasal]
north-pwgmc-nasalized-rounding-short (dispreferred)ą > o
oe-hiatus∅ > w / [+syllabic,+long]_V
pre-oe-a-fronting{a|ā} > {æ|ǣ} / _{!w|wi}, {a|ā} > {æ|ǣ} / _{!w|wi}
pre-oe-long-o-unroundingō > ā
pre-oe-lthþ > d / l_!#
pre-oe-ij-syncopei > ∅ / C_jV
pre-oe-h-before-two-nonsyllabicsh > ∅ / _sC
oe-awwjww > u / a_j
oe-diphthong-tensingai > ā, au > ēa, eu > ēo, iu > īo
oe-breaking-before-hæ > ea / _h, e > eo / _h, i > io / _h, ī > īo / _h, ǣ > ēa / _h
oe-breaking-before-rc-lcæ > ea / _{r|l}C, e > eo / _rC, e > eo / _lh, i > io / _rC, i > ie / _lh
oe-breaking-before-w{e|i} > {eo|io} / _w!i, e > eo / _lw
oe-hsh > k / _s
oe-ae-retractionæ > a / _C[+back], æ > a / _CC[+back], æ > a / _sC[+back]
oe-long-ae-retractionǣ > ā / _C[+back]
oe-palatalization{k|g} > {ċ|ġ} / #_[-back], {kk|gg} > {ċċ|ċġ} / _{i|ī|j}, {k|g} > {ċ|ġ} / _{i|ī|j}, k > ċ / {i|ī}_{[-back]|#}, sk > sċ / #_{V|r}, g > ġ / [-back]_{[-back]|#}, g > ġ / [-back]_C
oe-w-after-non-initial-velarsw > ∅ / [dorsal]_
oe-palatal-diphtongization{æ|ǣ} > {ea|ēa} / {ċ|ġ}_, e > ie / {ċ|ġ}_
oe-i-umlaut{u|ū|o|ō|æ|ā} > {y|ȳ|e|ē|e|ǣ}
oe-i-umlaut-nasalized{ą|ą̄} > {æ|ē}
north-pwgmc-denasalizationą > a, ą̄ > ō
oe-r-metathesis (dispreferred)rVC > Vr, rV > Vr
oe-ae-raisingæ > e / _[nasal,-syllabic]
oe-diphthong-i-umlaut{ea|ēa|io|īo} > {ie|īe|ie|īe}
oe-oj-iōj > i
oe-w-before-unstressed-iw > ∅ / !#_{i|ī}
oe-short-vowel-syncope{æ|e|o} > ∅, i > ∅, {u|y} > ∅
oe-i-syncope-near-li > ∅ / l_C
oe-postconsonantal-jj > ∅ / C_
oe-j-gj > ġ
oe-degemination-before-consonantC > ∅ / _CC
oe-voicing-assimilationd > t, þ > s / _s, þ > t / {s|t}_
oe-shortening-before-consonants[+syllabic] > [-long] / _CCC, [+syllabic] > [-long] / _CC, [+syllabic] > [-long] / _CC
oe-apocope{i|u} > ∅ / _#, {i|u} > ∅ / _#
oe-bilabial-fricative-devoicingβ > f
oe-shortening-unstressedV > [-long]
oe-ejeġ > i
oe-h-voiced-consonantsVVh > [+long]V / _{l|r}, Vh > [+long] / _{l|r}, h > ∅ / [+voice]_[+voice,-syllabic], VV{l|r}h > [+long]V{l|r} / _[+voice], V{l|r}h > [+long]{l|r} / _[+voice], h > ∅ / [+voice,-syllabic]_[+voice]
oe-intervocalic-hVVh[+syllabic] > [+long]V, [+back]hV > [+long]
oe-back-umlauti > io / _{l|r|[bilabial]}{u|a}, e > eo / _{l|r|[bilabial]|[labiodental]}u
oe-epenthesis (optional)∅ > e / C_r#, ∅ > o / C_r#, ∅ > e / C_l#, ∅ > o / C_l#, ∅ > e / C_n#, ∅ > u / C_m#
oe-unstressed-vowel-mergeræ > i / _{ġ|ċ}, æ > e, i > e
oe-unstressed-vowel-u (optional)u > o
oe-io-eo-mergeri > e / _o, ī > ē / _o
oe-g-i (optional)ġ > i / C_

Phonetics: pgmc-to-oe

Derivations | Report

sequence: pgmc-to-pwgmc
sequence: pwgmc-to-oe

Phonetics: pnwgmc-to-oe

Derivations | Report

sequence: pnwgmc-to-pwgmc
sequence: pwgmc-to-oe

Phonetics

oe-restoration-of-aæ > a
oe-delete-vowelV > ∅
oe-orthoks > x
oe-depalatalize-before-consonantċ > c / _C, ġ > g / _C
oe-front-mutate-vowel{ea|ēa|io|īo|u|ū|o|ō|a|ā|æ} > {ie|īe|ie|īe|y|ȳ|e|ē|æ|ǣ|e}
oe-past-singular-umlautī > ā, {ēo|ū} > {ēa|ēa}, e > æ, i > æ / _{d|t}
oe-passive-participle-umlautī > i, {ēo|ū} > o
oe-past-plural-umlautī > i, {ēo|ū} > u, e > ǣ
oe-pronunciationx > ks

Grammar: Other

oe-participle-ende
oe-syncope
oe-past-stem-d/-ed/-t/-od
oe-stress
oe-n-stem-class
oe-depalatalize-last-g
oe-front-mutation
oe-verb-class
oe-plural-past-stem-d/-ed/-t/-od
oe-adj-comparative-ra
oe-adj-superlative-ost