From Proto-West Germanic to Old English
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PWGmc *haim | hām | native place | haim > hām | |
| PGmc *haima- | hām | native place | haima- > haim > hām | |
| PWGmc *stain | stān | stone | stain > stān | |
| PWGmc *daili | dǣl | part | daili > dāli > dǣl | |
| PWGmc *taihā | tā | toe | taihā > taihǣ > tāhǣ > tā | |
| PGmc *taihʷō- | tā | toe | taihʷō- > taihwu > tāhwu > tāh | tāh |
| PWGmc *hwaitī | hwǣte | wheat | hwaitī > hwātī > hwǣte | |
| PGmc *hʷaitja- | hwǣte | wheat | hʷaitja- > hwaiti > hwāti > hwāt | hwāt |
| PWGmc *kwainōn | cwānian | to lament | kwainōn > kwainān > kwānān > cwānan | cwānan |
| PGmc *kʷainōjan- | cwānian | to lament | kʷainōjan- > kwainōjan > kwānōjan > cwānian | |
| PWGmc *aij | ǣġ | egg | aij > āj > ǣġ | |
| PWGmc *laizijan | lǣran | to teach | laizijan > lairjan > lārjan > lǣran | |
| PGmc *laizjan- | lǣran | to teach | laizjan- > lairjan > lārjan > lǣran | |
| PGmc *hlaibaz | hlāf | bread | hlaibaz > hlaiβ > hlāβ > hlāf | |
| PGmc *aiþaz | āþ | oath | aiþaz > aiþ > āþ | |
| PGmc *hailaz | hāl | unhurt, healthy | hailaz > hail > hāl | |
| PGmc *haila- | hāl | unhurt, healthy | haila- > hail > hāl | |
| PGmc *sairą | sār | pain, wound | sairą > sair > sār | |
| PGmc *snaiwaz | snāw | snow | snaiwaz > snaiw > snāw | |
| PWGmc *saipā | sāpe | soap | saipā > saipǣ > sāpǣ > sāpe | |
| PGmc *saipwōn- | sāpe | soap | saipwōn- > saipwān > sāpwān > sāpwan | sāpwan |
| PWGmc *gaist | gāst | spirit | gaist > gāst | |
| PGmc *gaista- | gāst | spirit, ghost | gaista- > gaist > gāst | |
| PWGmc *aiskōn | āscian | to ask | aiskōn > aiskān > āskān > āscan | āscan |
| PWGmc *raikijan | rǣċan | to reach | raikijan > raikjan > rākjan > rǣċan | |
| PWGmc *arbaiþi | earfoþ | hardship, hard labor | arbaiþi > ærβaiþi > ærβāþi > earfaþ | earfaþ |
| PNWGmc *hnaigijaną | hnǣġan | to lower, to cause to bow | hnaigijaną > hnaigjan > hnāgjan > hnǣġan | |
| PGmc *hnaigjan- | hnǣġan | make bow (down) | hnaigjan- > hnāgjan > hnǣġan | |
| PWGmc *flaiski | flǣsċ | flesh, meat | flaiski > flāski > flǣsċ | |
| PWGmc *waigī | wǣġe | cup | waigī > wāgī > wǣġe | |
| PGmc *airiz | ǣr | earlier | airiz > airi > āri > ǣr | |
| PGmc *hailijaną | hǣlan | to heal, to cure | hailijaną > hailjan > hāljan > hǣlan | |
| PGmc *laibijaną | lǣfan | to leave (over) | laibijaną > laiβjan > lāβjan > lǣfan | |
| PGmc *laibjan- | lǣfan | to leave (over) | laibjan- > lāβjan > lǣfan | |
| PGmc *laidijaną | lǣdan | to make go | laidijaną > laidjan > lādjan > lǣdan | |
| PGmc *laidjan- | lǣdan | to make go | laidjan- > lādjan > lǣdan | |
| PGmc *laistijaną | lǣstan | to follow | laistijaną > laistjan > lāstjan > lǣstan | |
| PGmc *aihtiz | ǣht | property, possessions | aihtiz > aihti > āhti > ǣht | |
| PGmc *haiþī | hǣþ | open country | haiþī > haiþi > hāþi > hǣþ | |
| PWGmc *þaisimō | þǣsma | yeast | þaisimō > þaisimā > þāsimā > þǣsma | |
| PWGmc *laiwazikā | lāwriċe | lark | laiwazikā > laiwærikǣ > lāwærikǣ > lawrċe | lawrċe |
| PGmc *laiwizakōn- | lāwriċe | lark | laiwizakōn- > laiwirækān > lāwirækān > lǣrcan | lǣrcan |
| PWGmc *skuldihaitijō | sċyldhǣta | deputy, bailiff | skuldihaitijō > skuldihaitjā > skuldihātjā > sċyldēota | sċyldēota |
| PNWGmc *raidu | rād | act of raiding | raidu > rādu > rād | |
| PWGmc *laibu | lāf | what is left, remainder | laibu > lāβu > lāf | |
| PWGmc *raihō | rā | red deer | raihō > raihā > rāhā > rā | |
| PGmc *raiha- | rā | roe deer | raiha- > raih > rāh | rāh |
| PWGmc *slaihā | slā | sloe, blackthorn fruit | slaihā > slaihǣ > slāhǣ > slā | |
| PWGmc *auhaim | ēam | uncle | auhaim > ēahām > ēam | |
| PWGmc *hailag | hāliġ | holy | hailag > hailæg > hālæg > hāliġ | |
| PWGmc *haitan | hatan | to address, to call | haitan > hātan | hātan |
| PGmc *ainagaz | ǣniġ | only; sole; singular; unique | ainagaz > ainæg > ānæg > āniġ | āniġ |
| PWGmc *flaiski | flæsċ | flesh, meat | flaiski > flāski > flǣsċ | flǣsċ |
| PWGmc *faitid | fǣtt | fattened, made fat | faitid > fātid > fǣted | fǣted |
| PGmc *saiwiz | sǣ | sea | saiwiz > saiwi > sāwi > sǣ | |
| PGmc *saiwalō | sāwl | soul | saiwalō > saiwæl > sāwæl > sāwel | sāwel |
| PWGmc *taikn | tācen | sign | taikn > tākn > tācen | |
| PWGmc *faikn | fācen | hostility, evil | faikn > fākn > fācen | |
| PGmc *aibra- | āfor | harsh | aibra- > aiβr > āβr > āfor | |
| PGmc *aida- | ād | pyre | aida- > aid > ād | |
| PGmc *aigan- | āgan | own, possess | aigan- > āgan | |
| PGmc *aigena- | āgen | own | aigena- > aigen > āgen | |
| PGmc *aikʷernan- | ācweorn | squirrel | aikʷernan- > aikwærnan > ākwærnan > ācearnan | ācearnan |
| PGmc *ailida- | ǣled | fire | ailida- > ailid > ālid > ǣled | |
| PGmc *aima-uzjōn- | ǣmyrie | embers | aima-uzjōn- > aimæ-urjān > āmæ-urjān > ām-orian | ām-orian |
| PGmc *ainalifa- | endlufon | eleven | ainalifa- > ainælif > ānælif > ānlef | ānlef |
| PGmc *aitra- | āttor | poison; pus | aitra- > aitr > ātr > ātor | ātor |
| PGmc *aiþja- | ǣþe | capable of taking an oath | aiþja- > aiþi > āþi > ǣþ | ǣþ |
| PGmc *aiþma- | āðum | son-in-law | aiþma- > aiþm > āþm > āðum | |
| PGmc *airō- | ār | oar | airō- > airu > āru > ār | |
| PGmc *aik- | āc | oak | aik- > āc | |
| PGmc *aina- | ān | one | aina- > ain > ān | |
| PGmc *airu- | ār | messenger | airu- > āru > ār | |
| PGmc *aizō- | ār | respect, benevolence | aizō- > airu > āru > ār | |
| PGmc *ainahan- | ānga | sole | ainahan- > ainæhan > ānæhan > ānēan | ānēan |
| PGmc *aista- | āst | kiln | aista- > aist > āst | |
| PGmc *aiwa- | ǣ | law | aiwa- > aiw > āw | āw |
| PWGmc *aiwi | ǣ | law | aiwi > āwi > ǣ | |
| PGmc *baidjan- | bǣdan | force, demand | baidjan- > bādjan > bǣdan | |
| PGmc *baina- | bān | bone, leg | baina- > bain > bān | |
| PGmc *baira- | bār | boar | baira- > bair > bār | |
| PGmc *baita- | bāt | boat | baita- > bait > bāt | |
| PGmc *blaika- | blāc | pale | blaika- > blaik > blāc | |
| PGmc *blaita- | blāt | pale | blaita- > blait > blāt | |
| PGmc *braida- | brād | broad | braida- > braid > brād | |
| PGmc *daiga- | dāh | dough | daiga- > daig > dāg | dāg |
| PGmc *daila- | dāl | share, part | daila- > dail > dāl | |
| PGmc *draibō- | drāf | driving, drift | draibō- > draiβu > drāβu > drāf | |
| PGmc *faigi- | fǣġe | bound to die | faigi- > fāgi > fǣġ | fǣġ |
| PGmc *faiha- | fāh | hostile | faiha- > faih > fāh | |
| PGmc *faiha- | fāh | colored | faiha- > faih > fāh | |
| PGmc *fraisan- | frāsian | tempt | fraisan- > frāsan | frāsan |
| PGmc *gaidwa- | gād | lack | gaidwa- > gaiuw > gāuw > gāow | gāow |
| PGmc *gait- | gāt | goat | gait- > gāt | |
| PGmc *gnaista- | gnāst | spark | gnaista- > gnaist > gnāst | |
| PGmc *graipōn- | grāpian | grope | graipōn- > graipōjan > grāpōjan > grāpian | |
| PGmc *haidra- | hādor | clear | haidra- > haidr > hādr > hādor | |
| PGmc *haifsti- | hǣst | conflict | haifsti- > hāfsti > hæfst | hæfst |
| PGmc *hainō- | hān | whetstone | hainō- > hainu > hānu > hān | |
| PGmc *haira- | hār | hoary, grey-haired | haira- > hair > hār | |
| PGmc *hairsa- | hās | hoarse | hairsa- > hairs > hārs | hārs |
| PGmc *haita- | hāt | hot | haita- > hait > hāt | |
| PGmc *haitan- | hātan | call | haitan- > hātan | |
| PGmc *hlainjan- | hlǣnan | cause to lean | hlainjan- > hlānjan > hlǣnan | |
| PGmc *hlaiwa- | hlāw | barrow, funeral mound | hlaiwa- > hlaiw > hlāw | |
| PGmc *hraigran- | hrāgra | heron | hraigran- > hrāgran | hrāgran |
| PGmc *hrairja- | hrēre-brǣd | rear | hrairja- > hrairi > hrāri > hrǣr | hrǣr |
| PGmc *hraiwa- | hrǣ | dead body, death | hraiwa- > hraiw > hrāw | hrāw |
| PGmc *kaiba- | cāf | sharp(?), crooked(?) | kaiba- > kaiβ > kāβ > cāf | |
| PGmc *klainja- | clǣne | fine | klainja- > klaini > klāni > clǣn | clǣn |
| PGmc *klaiþa- | clōþ | cloth | klaiþa- > klaiþ > clāþ | clāþ |
| PGmc *klaiwiz- | clāfre | clover | klaiwiz- > klaiwi > klāwi > clǣ | clǣ |
| PGmc *klajja- | clǣġ | clay | klajja- > klaij > klāj > clǣġ | |
| PGmc *laikan- | lācan | jump | laikan- > lācan | |
| PGmc *laiman- | lām | clay | laiman- > lāman | lāman |
| PGmc *laisizan- | *lǣssa | less | laisizan- > laisiran > lāsiran > lǣsran | lǣsran |
| PGmc *laisti- | lǣst | track, trace | laisti- > lāsti > lǣst | |
| PGmc *maina- | ge-mǣne | common | maina- > main > mān | mān |
| PGmc *mainjan- | mǣnian | think | mainjan- > mānjan > mǣnan | mǣnan |
| PGmc *mairja- | land-gemǣre | mooring-post | mairja- > mairi > māri > mǣr | mǣr |
| PGmc *maisōn- | māse | titmouse | maisōn- > maisān > māsān > māsan | māsan |
| PGmc *maiwa- | māw | sea-gull | maiwa- > maiw > māw | |
| PGmc *maizan- | māra | more | maizan- > mairan > māran | māran |
| PGmc *paidō- | pād | coat, shirt | paidō- > paidu > pādu > pād | |
| PGmc *raida- | rǣde | arranged, prepared | raida- > raid > rād | rād |
| PGmc *raihō- | rāwe | row | raihō- > raihu > rāhu > rāh | rāh |
| PGmc *raipa- | rāp | strap | raipa- > raip > rāp | |
| PGmc *raizjan- | rǣran | cause to rise, raise | raizjan- > rairjan > rārjan > rǣran | |
| PGmc *saila- | sāl | rope | saila- > sail > sāl | |
| PGmc *slaiwa- | slāw | lethargic | slaiwa- > slaiw > slāw | |
| PGmc *spaitan- | spātan | spit | spaitan- > spātan | |
| PGmc *spraidjan- | sprǣdan | spread, disperse | spraidjan- > sprādjan > sprǣdan | |
| PGmc *swaipan- | swāpan | sweep | swaipan- > swāpan | |
| PGmc *swaita- | swāt | sweat | swaita- > swait > swāt | |
| PGmc *taikna- | tācn | sign | taikna- > taikn > tācn | |
| PGmc *taikʷer- | tācor | brother-in-law | taikʷer- > taikwær > tākwær > tācer | tācer |
| PGmc *taina- | tān | sprig | taina- > tain > tān | |
| PGmc *taisjan- | tǣsan | pluck, card, prick | taisjan- > tāsjan > tǣsan | |
| PGmc *þaismjan- | þǣsma | sourdough | þaismjan- > þāsmjan > þǣsman | þǣsman |
| PGmc *wai | wā | woe | wai > wā | |
| PGmc *waika- | wāc | weak | waika- > waik > wāc | |
| PGmc *waisunda- | wāsend | windpipe; gullet | waisunda- > waisund > wāsund | wāsund |
| PGmc *waizda- | wād | woad | waizda- > waird > wārd | wārd |
| PGmc *wlaitōn- | wlātian | look | wlaitōn- > wlaitōjan > wlātōjan > wlātian | |
| PGmc *wraiþa- | wrǣþ | twisted; angry | wraiþa- > wraiþ > wrāþ | wrāþ |
| PGmc *taikjan- | tǣċan | show | taikjan- > tākjan > tǣċan |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PWGmc *raud | rēad | red | raud > rēad | |
| PGmc *gaumijaną | ġīeman | to observe | gaumijaną > gaumjan > gēamjan > ġīeman | |
| PWGmc *skaunī | sċīene | beautiful | skaunī > skēanī > sċīene | |
| PNWGmc *gaukaz | ġēac | cuckoo | gaukaz > gauk > gēak > ġēac | |
| PGmc *gauka- | ġēac | cuckoo | gauka- > gauk > gēak > ġēac | |
| PNWGmc *skaubą | sċēaf | sheaf | skaubą > skauβ > skēaβ > sċēaf | |
| PWGmc *kaup | ċēap | trade, purchase | kaup > kēap > ċēap | |
| PNWGmc *baunu | bēan | bean | baunu > bēanu > bēan | |
| PGmc *baunō- | bēan | bean | baunō- > baunu > bēanu > bēan | |
| PWGmc *awwju | īeġ | island | awwju > auju > ēaju > īeġ | |
| PWGmc *glauw | glēaw | exact | glauw > glēaw | |
| PGmc *glawwa- | glēaw | exact | glawwa- > glauw > glēaw | |
| PWGmc *hauwan | hēawan | chop | hauwan > hēawan | |
| PWGmc *hauzijan | hīeran | to hear | hauzijan > haurjan > hēarjan > hīeran | |
| PGmc *hauzjan- | hīeran | to hear | hauzjan- > haurjan > hēarjan > hīeran | |
| PGmc *hlaupaną | hlēapan | to run, to jump | hlaupaną > hlaupan > hlēapan | |
| PGmc *laubaz | lēaf | leaf | laubaz > lauβ > lēaβ > lēaf | |
| PGmc *straumaz | strēam | stream | straumaz > straum > strēam | |
| PGmc *dauþuz | dēaþ | death | dauþuz > dauþu > dēaþu > dēaþ | |
| PGmc *daudaz | dēad | dead | daudaz > daud > dēad | |
| PGmc *lausaz | lēas | free (from) | lausaz > laus > lēas | |
| PGmc *lausa- | lēas | free (from) | lausa- > laus > lēas | |
| PGmc *auk | ēac | also | auk > ēac | |
| PGmc *auke | ēac | and; again, but | auke > ēace | ēace |
| PGmc *hauhaz | hēah | high | hauhaz > hauh > hēah | |
| PNWGmc *auraz | ēar | earth | auraz > aur > ēar | |
| PNWGmc *nautą | nēat | bovine, ox | nautą > naut > nēat | |
| PGmc *nauta- | nēat | cattle | nauta- > naut > nēat | |
| PNWGmc *raukijaną | rīeċan | to cause smoke, to smoke (meat etc.) | raukijaną > raukjan > rēakjan > rīeċan | |
| PNWGmc *laugiz | līeġ | flame | laugiz > laugi > lēagi > līeġ | |
| PNWGmc *baugijaną | bīeġan | to bend | baugijaną > baugjan > bēagjan > bīeġan | |
| PGmc *baugjan- | bīeġan | (make) bend | baugjan- > bēagjan > bīeġan | |
| PGmc *hauhiþō | hīehþ | height | hauhiþō > hauhiþu > hēahiþu > hīehþ | |
| PGmc *galaubijaną | ġelīefan | to believe | galaubijaną > gælauβjan > gælēaβjan > ġælīefan | ġælīefan |
| PGmc *lausijaną | līesan | to release, to set free | lausijaną > lausjan > lēasjan > līesan | |
| PGmc *hlautiz | hlīet | lot | hlautiz > hlauti > hlēati > hlīet | |
| PWGmc *auþī | īeþe | easy | auþī > ēaþī > īeþe | |
| PGmc *auþu- | īeþe | easy | auþu- > ēaþu > ēaþ | ēaþ |
| PWGmc *kawwjan | ċīeġan | to call | kawwjan > kaujan > kēajan > ċīeġan | |
| PGmc *kaujan- | ċīeġan | call, shout | kaujan- > kēajan > ċīeġan | |
| PGmc *lausungō | lēasung | releasing, liberation; removal | lausungō > lausung > lēasung | |
| PWGmc *baukn | bēacen | sign | baukn > bēakn > bēacen | |
| PGmc *audana- | ēaden | granted | audana- > audan > ēadan | ēadan |
| PGmc *aukan- | ēacian | grow | aukan- > ēacan | ēacan |
| PGmc *augōn- | ēage | eye | augōn- > augān > ēagān > ēagan | ēagan |
| PGmc *austera- | ēast | east, eastwards | austera- > austær > ēastær > ēaster | ēaster |
| PGmc *austrōn- | ēastre | Easter | austrōn- > austrān > ēastrān > ēastran | ēastran |
| PGmc *auzōn- | ēare | ear | auzōn- > aurān > ēarān > ēaran | ēaran |
| PGmc *bautan- | bēatan | beat | bautan- > bēatan | |
| PGmc *blauta- | blēat | soft | blauta- > blaut > blēat | |
| PGmc *blauþu- | blēaþ | soft, weak, timid | blauþu- > blēaþu > blēaþ | |
| PGmc *brauda- | brēad | bread | brauda- > braud > brēad | |
| PGmc *dauba- | dēaf | deaf; sluggish; numb | dauba- > dauβ > dēaβ > dēaf | |
| PGmc *daujan- | dīeġan | die | daujan- > dēajan > dīeġan | |
| PGmc *dawwa- | dēaw | dew | dawwa- > dauw > dēaw | |
| PGmc *draugja- | drȳge | dry | draugja- > draugi > drēagi > drīeġ | drīeġ |
| PGmc *drauma- | drēam | dream | drauma- > draum > drēam | |
| PGmc *draupjan- | drīepan | make drip | draupjan- > drēapjan > drīepan | |
| PGmc *flauhō- | flēah | flea | flauhō- > flauhu > flēahu > flēah | |
| PGmc *flauti- | flīte | cream | flauti- > flēati > flīet | flīet |
| PGmc *frauja- | frēa | lord | frauja- > frauj > frēaj > frīeġ | frīeġ |
| PGmc *gauja- | -gē | district, region | gauja- > gauj > gēaj > ġīeġ | ġīeġ |
| PGmc *glauma- | glēam | jubilation | glauma- > glaum > glēam | |
| PGmc *grauta- | grēat | coarse | grauta- > graut > grēat | |
| PGmc *haubeda- | hēafod | head | haubeda- > hauβed > hēaβed > hēafed | hēafed |
| PGmc *hauhaz | hēa | high | hauhaz > hauh > hēah | hēah |
| PGmc *hauja- | hīeġ | hay | hauja- > hauj > hēaj > hīeġ | |
| PGmc *haujan- | hēgan | see to(?) | haujan- > hēajan > hīeġan | hīeġan |
| PGmc *haula- | hēala | hernia, lump | haula- > haul > hēal | hēal |
| PGmc *haupa- | hēap | pile, heap | haupa- > haup > hēap | |
| PGmc *hnawwu- | hnēaw | stingy; tight | hnawwu- > hnauwu > hnēawu > hnēaw | |
| PGmc *hrauka- | hrēac | pile, rick | hrauka- > hrauk > hrēac | |
| PGmc *kawō- | ċēo | jackdaw | kawō- > kau > kēa > ċēa | ċēa |
| PGmc *klawō- | clāwu | claw | klawō- > klau > clēa | clēa |
| PGmc *lauda- | lēad | lead | lauda- > laud > lēad | |
| PGmc *laugnjan- | līegnian | keep hidden, deny | laugnjan- > lēagnjan > līegnan | līegnan |
| PGmc *lauka- | lēac | onion, leek | lauka- > lauk > lēac | |
| PGmc *launa- | lēan | reward, recompense | launa- > laun > lēan | |
| PGmc *lauþra- | lēaðor | lather | lauþra- > lauþr > lēaþr > lēaðor | |
| PGmc *lawwō- | lim-lǣw | groove | lawwō- > lauwu > lēawu > lēaw | lēaw |
| PGmc *nauþi- | nīed | compulsion, distress | nauþi- > nēaþi > nīeþ | nīeþ |
| PGmc *rauba- | rēaf | loot | rauba- > rauβ > rēaβ > rēaf | |
| PGmc *rauki- | rēc | smoke | rauki- > rēaki > rīeċ | rīeċ |
| PGmc *raupjan- | rīepan | tear (off) | raupjan- > rēapjan > rīepan | |
| PGmc *sauma- | sēam | seam | sauma- > saum > sēam | |
| PGmc *sauþa- | sēað | broth | sauþa- > sauþ > sēað | |
| PGmc *sauza- | sēar | dry | sauza- > saur > sēar | |
| PGmc *sawwa- | sēaw | juice | sawwa- > sauw > sēaw | |
| PGmc *skauta- | sċēat | seam | skauta- > skaut > skēat > sċēat | |
| PGmc *skraudan- | sċrēadian | cut, shred | skraudan- > skrēadan > sċrēadan | sċrēadan |
| PGmc *stauma- | stēam | steam | stauma- > staum > stēam | |
| PGmc *staupa- | stēap | steep | staupa- > staup > stēap | |
| PGmc *straujan- | strēowian | strew | straujan- > strēajan > strīeġan | strīeġan |
| PGmc *taujan- | tawian | do, make | taujan- > tēajan > tīeġan | tīeġan |
| PGmc *tauma- | tēam | rein, bridle, rope | tauma- > taum > tēam | |
| PGmc *þrawō- | þrēa | longing, suffering | þrawō- > þrau > þrēa | |
| PGmc *daugjan- | *dīeġan | endure | daugjan- > dēagjan > dīeġan | |
| PGmc *straupjan- | *strīepan | strip | straupjan- > strēapjan > strīepan | |
| PGmc *raubjan- | *rīefan | break (off), tear off, rob | raubjan- > rēaβjan > rīefan | |
| PGmc *slaupjan- | slīepan | roll up | slaupjan- > slēapjan > slīepan |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PWGmc *feuwar | fēower | four | feuwar > feuwær > fēowær > fēower | |
| PGmc *fedwar- | fēower | four | fedwar- > feuwær > fēowær > fēower | |
| PWGmc *deup | dēop | deep | deup > dēop | |
| PWGmc *þeu | þēo | slave | þeu > þēo | |
| PWGmc *keusan | ċēosan | to choose | keusan > kēosan > ċēosan | |
| PGmc *keusan- | ċēosan | to test | keusan- > kēosan > ċēosan | |
| PWGmc *geutan | ġēotan | to pour | geutan > gēotan > ġēotan | |
| PNWGmc *skeutaną | sċēotan | to shoot | skeutaną > skeutan > skēotan > sċēotan | |
| PGmc *skeutan- | sċēotan | shoot, dash | skeutan- > skēotan > sċēotan | |
| PNWGmc *keulaz | ċēol | keel, ship | keulaz > keul > kēol > ċēol | |
| PNWGmc *leuhmô | lēoma | light | leuhmô > leuhmā > lēohmā > lēoma | |
| PGmc *leuhman- | lēoma | beam of light | leuhman- > lēohman > lēoman | lēoman |
| PGmc *freusaną | frēosan | to freeze | freusaną > freusan > frēosan | |
| PGmc *seukaz | sēoc | sick | seukaz > seuk > sēoc | |
| PGmc *fleuganą | flēogan | to fly | fleuganą > fleugan > flēogan | |
| PGmc *teuhaną | tēon | to pull | teuhaną > teuhan > tēohan > tēon | |
| PNWGmc *breustą | brēost | breast | breustą > breust > brēost | |
| PGmc *breusta- | brēost | breast, chest | breusta- > breust > brēost | |
| PWGmc *leuþ | lēoþ | song | leuþ > lēoþ | |
| PWGmc *beur | bēor | beer | beur > bēor | |
| PGmc *beura- | bēor | beer | beura- > beur > bēor | |
| PGmc *seuni- | sīen | sight | seuni- > sēoni > sēon | sēon |
| PGmc *deurja- | dīere | precious, valuable, expensive | deurja- > deuri > dēori > dēor | dēor |
| PGmc *steurjan- | stīeran | direct | steurjan- > stēorjan > stēoran | stēoran |
| PGmc *fleuhaną | flēon | to flee | fleuhaną > fleuhan > flēohan > flēon | |
| PGmc *þleuhan- | flēon | to flee | þleuhan- > þlēohan > þlēon | þlēon |
| PWGmc *hleuþr | hlēoþor | noise | hleuþr > hlēoþr > hlēoþor | |
| PGmc *heuja- | hīw | visible layer, appearance | heuja- > heuj > hēoj > hēoġ | hēoġ |
| PWGmc *beud | bēod | dish, table | beud > bēod | |
| PGmc *seuþaną | sēoþan | to seethe; boil | seuþaną > seuþan > sēoþan | |
| PGmc *beudan- | bēodan | command; to offer | beudan- > bēodan | |
| PGmc *beusta- | bēost | beestings | beusta- > beust > bēost | |
| PGmc *bewwa- | bēow | yield; barley | bewwa- > beuw > bēow | |
| PGmc *breutan- | brēotan | break (open), bud | breutan- > brēotan | |
| PGmc *brewwan- | brēowan | brew | brewwan- > breuwan > brēowan | |
| PGmc *deuza- | dēor | (wild) animal | deuza- > deur > dēor | |
| PGmc *dreugan- | drēogan | do a duty(?) | dreugan- > drēogan | |
| PGmc *dreupan- | drēopan | droop; to drip | dreupan- > drēopan | |
| PGmc *dreusan- | drēosan | fall | dreusan- > drēosan | |
| PGmc *eudra- | ūder | udder | eudra- > eudr > ēodr > ēodor | ēodor |
| PGmc *eup | up | up, upwards | eup > ēop | ēop |
| PGmc *fewurþan- | fēorþa | fourth | fewurþan- > feurþan > fēorþan | fēorþan |
| PGmc *fleugōn- | flēoge | fly | fleugōn- > fleugān > flēogān > flēogan | flēogan |
| PGmc *fleusiz- | flēos | fleece | fleusiz- > fleusi > flēosi > flēos | |
| PGmc *fleuta- | flēot | stream | fleuta- > fleut > flēot | |
| PGmc *fleutan- | flēotan | float, stream | fleutan- > flēotan | |
| PGmc *fneusan- | fnēosan | sneeze | fneusan- > fnēosan | |
| PGmc *geupan- | ġēopan | be hollow | geupan- > gēopan > ġēopan | |
| PGmc *heupan- | hēope | rose hip | heupan- > hēopan | hēopan |
| PGmc *hleutan- | hlēotan | obtain by lot | hleutan- > hlēotan | |
| PGmc *hleuza- | hlēor | cheek | hleuza- > hleur > hlēor | |
| PGmc *hreuba- | hrēof | scabby | hreuba- > hreuβ > hrēoβ > hrēof | |
| PGmc *hreuda- | hrēod | reed | hreuda- > hreud > hrēod | |
| PWGmc *hreuwan | hrēowan | to cause pain / regret | hreuwan > hrēowan | |
| PGmc *kewwan- | ċēowan | chew | kewwan- > keuwan > kēowan > ċēowan | |
| PGmc *kleuban- | clēofan | cleave, split | kleuban- > klēoβan > clēofan | |
| PGmc *kreudan- | crēodan | push forward | kreudan- > crēodan | |
| PGmc *kreupan- | crēopan | crawl | kreupan- > crēopan | |
| PGmc *leuba- | lēof | dear, beloved | leuba- > leuβ > lēoβ > lēof | |
| PGmc *leudan- | lēodan | grow | leudan- > lēodan | |
| PGmc *leugan- | lēogan | lie | leugan- > lēogan | |
| PGmc *leuhada- | lēoht | light | leuhada- > leuhæd > lēohæd > lēod | lēod |
| PGmc *meusa- | mēos | moss | meusa- > meus > mēos | |
| PGmc *neuhsjan- | nēosan | search out | neuhsjan- > neusjan > nēosjan > nēosan | |
| PGmc *neuja- | nīwe | new | neuja- > neuj > nēoj > nēoġ | nēoġ |
| PGmc *neutan- | nēotan | make use of, enjoy | neutan- > nēotan | |
| PGmc *newun- | nigon | nine | newun- > neun > nēon | nēon |
| PGmc *newunþan- | nigoða | ninth | newunþan- > neunþan > nēonþan | nēonþan |
| PGmc *preuna- | prēon | needle, pin | preuna- > preun > prēon | |
| PGmc *reuda- | rēod | red | reuda- > reud > rēod | |
| PGmc *reudan- | rēodan | make red | reudan- > rēodan | |
| PGmc *reudan- | rēodan | clear, remove, eradicate | reudan- > rēodan | |
| PGmc *reufan- | rēofan | break (off) | reufan- > rēofan | |
| PGmc *reukan- | rēocan | smoke; to drift, fly | reukan- > rēocan | |
| PGmc *reuman- | rēoma | strap, belt | reuman- > rēoman | rēoman |
| PGmc *reuman- | rēoma | cream | reuman- > rēoman | rēoman |
| PGmc *reutan- | rēotan | cry | reutan- > rēotan | |
| PGmc *seuda- | sēod | purse, money-bag | seuda- > seud > sēod | |
| PGmc *skeuban- | sċēofan | shove | skeuban- > skēoβan > sċēofan | |
| PGmc *smeukan- | smēocan | smoke | smeukan- > smēocan | |
| PGmc *steura- | stēor | bull | steura- > steur > stēor | |
| PGmc *teuna- | tēon | damage | teuna- > teun > tēon | |
| PGmc *trewwu- | trīewe | loyal, trustworthy | trewwu- > treuwu > trēowu > trēow | trēow |
| PGmc *þeuba- | þēof | thief | þeuba- > þeuβ > þēoβ > þēof | |
| PGmc *þeudja- | ge-þīede | favorable | þeudja- > þeudi > þēodi > þēod | þēod |
| PGmc *þeudō- | þēod | nation, people | þeudō- > þeudu > þēodu > þēod | |
| PGmc *þeuha- | þēoh | thigh | þeuha- > þeuh > þēoh | |
| PGmc *þeutan- | þēotan | howl, roar | þeutan- > þēotan | |
| PGmc *þreutan- | þrēotan | bother | þreutan- > þrēotan | |
| PGmc *freuþan- | *frēoðan | froth | freuþan- > frēoðan | |
| PGmc *hneupan- | *hnēopan | pluck | hneupan- > hnēopan | |
| PGmc *leusan- | *lēosan | lose | leusan- > lēosan |
| From | To | Gloss | Steps | Expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PGmc *siuniz | sīen | sight | siuniz > siuni > sīoni > sīen | |
| PGmc *liuhtijaną | līehtan | to shine | liuhtijaną > liuhtjan > līohtjan > līehtan | |
| PNWGmc *diurijaz | dīere | valuable | diurijaz > diurī > dīorī > dīere | |
| PNWGmc *stiurijaną | stīeran | to steer, to direct | stiurijaną > stiurjan > stīorjan > stīeran | |
| PWGmc *niudi | nīed | desire, eagerness | niudi > nīodi > nīed | |
| PWGmc *kliuwīn | clīewen | little ball | kliuwīn > kliuwī > klīowī > clīee | clīee |
| PWGmc *striunijan | strīenan | to acquire, to gain | striunijan > striunjan > strīonjan > strīenan | |
| PWGmc *niuhsijan | nēosan | to spy | niuhsijan > niusjan > nīosjan > nīesan | nīesan |
| PGmc *siujan- | seowian | sew | siujan- > sīojan > sīeġan | sīeġan |