Etymograph > Indo-European > Old English > Rules > pnwgmc-to-oe

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Consistent Derivations

PNWGmcOEGlossDerivation
*aldijanąieldanto make oldaldijaną > aldijan > ældijan > ældjan > ealdjan > ieldjan > ieldan
*argazeargcowardly, slothful, uselessargaz > arga > arg > ærg > earg
*aurazēarearthauraz > aura > aur > ēar
*awalazawelhook, forkawalaz > awala > awal > awæl > awel
*awjuīeġislandawju > awwju > auju > ēaju > īeju > īeġu > īeġ
*bandibendfetterbandi > bąndi > bændi > bendi > bend
*bankizbenċbenchbankiz > banki > bąnki > bąnċi > bænċi > benċi > benċ
*bargijanąbierġanto tastebargijaną > bargijan > bærgijan > bærgjan > beargjan > bearġjan > bierġjan > bierġan
*baugijanąbīeġanto bendbaugijaną > baugijan > baugjan > bēagjan > bēaġjan > bīeġjan > bīeġan
*baunubēanbeanbaunu > bēanu > bēan
*bitrazbiterbitterbitraz > bitra > bitr > biter
*blīþisiblisshappinessblīþisi > blīþsi > blīssi > blissi > bliss
*bregdanąbreġdanto brandishbregdaną > bregdan > breġdan
*breustąbrēostbreastbreustą > breust > brēost
*bruþąbroþbrothbruþą > broþą > broþ
*bugôbogabowbugô > bogô > bogō > bogā > boga
*bōnizbēnprayer, requestbōniz > bōni > bēni > bēn
*dagumazdagumday.DAT.PLdagumaz > daguma > dagum > dægum > dagum
*diurijazdīerevaluablediurijaz > diurija > diurij > diurī > dīorī > dīerī > dīeri > dīere
*dunjanądynnanto make a loud noisedunjaną > dunjan > dunnjan > dynnjan > dynnan
*dādizdǣddeeddādiz > dādi > dǣdi > dǣd
*dūbijanądȳfanto dip, to immersedūbijaną > dūβijan > dūβjan > dȳβjan > dȳβan > dȳfan
*eburazeoforwild boareburaz > eβura > eβur > efur > eofur > eofor
*erlazeorlnoblemanerlaz > erla > erl > eorl
*faiknąfācentreacheryfaikną > faikn > fākn > fāken
*fallanąfeallanto fallfallaną > fallan > fællan > feallan
*fangizfenġgrasp, bootyfangiz > fangi > fąngi > fąnġi > fænġi > fenġi > fenġ
*fardizfierdmilitary campaignfardiz > fardi > færdi > feardi > fierdi > fierd
*fatilazfetelbeltfatilaz > fatila > fatil > fætil > fetil > fetel
*feþrufeþerfeatherfeþru > feþr > feþer
*flahanąflēanto skinflahaną > flahan > flæhan > fleahan > flēan
*flikkijąfliċċeside of baconflikkiją > flikkij > flikkī > fliċċī > fliċċi > fliċċe
*framjanąfremmanto furtherframjaną > framjan > frammjan > frąmmjan > fræmmjan > fremmjan > fremman
*fulkąfolctroop, tribefulką > folką > folk
*funsijanąfȳsanto impel, to drive off, to hastenfunsijaną > funsijan > fūsijan > fūsjan > fȳsjan > fȳsan
*fātijanafǣtanto load, to adornfātijana > fātijan > fǣtijan > fǣtjan > fǣtan
*galdrazġealdorincantationgaldraz > galdra > galdr > gældr > gealdr > ġealdr > ġealdor
*gamarkijąġemierċemarkgamarkiją > gamarkij > gamarkī > gæmærkī > gæmearkī > ġæmearċī > ġemearċī > ġemierċī > ġemierċi > ġemierċe
*garnąġearnyarngarną > garn > gærn > gearn > ġearn
*garwijanąġierwanto preparegarwijaną > garwijan > gærwijan > gærwjan > gearwjan > ġearwjan > ġierwjan > ġierwan
*gaukazġēaccuckoogaukaz > gauka > gauk > gēak > ġēak
*gebuġiefugiftgebu > ġeβu > ġieβu > ġiefu
*glāmazglōmtwilightglāmaz > glāma > glām > glą̄m > glōm
*grasugrasugrass.NOM.PLgrasu > græsu > grasu
*grādagazgrǣdiġhungry, greedygrādagaz > grādaga > grādag > grǣdæg > grǣdæġ > grǣdiġ
*habukazhafochawkhabukaz > haβuka > haβuk > hæβuk > haβuk > hafuk > hafok
*hadinazhedenhoodhadinaz > hadina > hadin > hædin > hedin > heden
*hailagazhāliġholyhailagaz > hailaga > hailag > hailæg > hālæg > hālæġ > hāliġ
*halluheallhallhallu > hællu > heallu > heall
*halþijanąhieldanto tilt, to inclinehalþijaną > halþijan > hælþijan > hældijan > hældjan > healdjan > hieldjan > hieldan
*haswazhasugrayhaswaz > haswa > hasw > hasu > hæsu > hasu
*hertǭheortehearthertǭ > hertā > hertǣ > heortǣ > heortæ > heorte
*herutazheorotstagherutaz > heruta > herut > heorut > heorot
*hlahtrazhleahtorlaughterhlahtraz > hlahtra > hlahtr > hlæhtr > hleahtr > hleahtor
*hnaigijanąhnǣġanto lower, to cause to bowhnaigijaną > hnaigijan > hnaigjan > hnāgjan > hnāġjan > hnǣġjan > hnǣġan
*hrappijanąhreppanto touchhrappijaną > hrappijan > hræppijan > hræppjan > hreppjan > hreppan
*hrussąhorshorsehrussą > hrossą > hross > hors
*hulmazholmislandhulmaz > holmaz > holma > holm
*hunagąhuniġhoneyhunagą > hunag > hunæg > hunæġ > huniġ
*hʷarbijanąhwierfanto turnhʷarbijaną > hʷarβijan > hwarβijan > hwærβijan > hwærβjan > hwearβjan > hwierβjan > hwierβan > hwierfan
*kanipazcenepmoustachekanipaz > kanipa > kanip > kąnip > kænip > kenip > kenep
*keulazċēolkeel, shipkeulaz > keula > keul > kēol > ċēol
*krabbôcrabbacrabkrabbô > krabbō > kræbbō > kræbbā > krabbā > krabba
*kussidēcysteto kiss.PST.3SGkussidē > kyssidē > kyssdē > kysdē > kystē > kyste
*kussijanącyssanto kisskussijaną > kussijan > kussjan > kyssjan > kyssan
*kʷānizcwēnwoman, wifekʷāniz > kʷāni > kwāni > kwą̄ni > kwēni > kwēn
*laguzlaguwater, the sealaguz > lagu > lægu > lagu
*langizôlengralong.COMPlangizô > langizō > langirō > ląngirō > ląngirā > ląnġirā > lænġirā > lenġirā > lengrā > lengra
*laugizlīeġflamelaugiz > laugi > lēagi > lēaġi > līeġi > līeġ
*legrąleġerbed, lairlegrą > legr > leġr > leġer
*leuhmôlēomalightleuhmô > leuhmō > leuhmā > lēohmā > lēohma > lēoma
*libruliferliverlibru > liβr > lifr > lifer
*lātanąlǣtanto let go, to allowlātaną > lātan > lǣtan
*lībąlīflifelībą > līβ > līf
*magômagastomachmagô > magō > mægō > mægā > magā > maga
*markumearcboundarymarku > mærku > mearku > meark
*minþląmīþlbitminþlą > minþl > mīþl
*māgazmǣġkinsmanmāgaz > māga > māg > mǣg > mǣġ
*māląmǣl(a) timemālą > māl > mǣl
*mānômōnamoonmānô > mānō > mą̄nō > mą̄nā > mōnā > mōna
*māriþumǣrþfame, reputationmāriþu > mǣriþu > mǣrþu > mǣrþ
*nāhʷ-nēahnearnāhʷ- > nāhw > nāhu > nǣhu > nēahu > nēah
*raidurādriding, expeditionraidu > rādu > rād
*rakkôraccasailyard ringrakkô > rakkō > rækkō > rækkā > rakkā > rakka
*rādanąrǣdanto consider, to adviserādaną > rādan > rǣdan
*sanþijanąsēþanto affirm, to testifysanþijaną > sanþijan > są̄þijan > są̄þjan > sēþjan > sēþan
*skarpazsċearpsharpskarpaz > skarpa > skarp > skærp > skearp > sċearp
*skaþôsċaþaevildoerskaþô > skaþō > skæþō > skæþā > skaþā > sċaþā > sċaþa
*skrūdasċrūdclothingskrūda > skrūd > sċrūd
*slāpanąslǣpansleepslāpaną > slāpan > slǣpan > slāpan
*spikąspiċbaconspiką > spik > spiċ
*spānuzspōnwood-chip, shavingspānuz > spānu > spą̄nu > spōnu > spōn
*strangizstrenġstringstrangiz > strangi > strąngi > strąnġi > strænġi > strenġi > strenġ
*stukkijąstyċċepiecestukkiją > stukkij > stukkī > stuċċī > styċċī > styċċi > styċċe
*swārazswǣrheavyswāraz > swāra > swār > swǣr
*swāsazswǣsone's ownswāsaz > swāsa > swās > swǣs
*swōgizswēġsoundswōgiz > swōgi > swōġi > swēġi > swēġ
*sīkąsīċbrooksīką > sīk > sīċ
*sūlizsȳlpillarsūliz > sūli > sȳli > sȳl
*taljanątellanto count, to narratetaljaną > taljan > talljan > tælljan > telljan > tellan
*tungǭtungetonguetungǭ > tungā > tungǣ > tungæ > tunge
*unþizȳþwaveunþiz > unþi > ūþi > ȳþi > ȳþ
*wahsanąweaxanto growwahsaną > wahsan > wæhsan > weahsan > weaksan
*winizwinefriendwiniz > wini > wine
*wundrąwundorwonderwundrą > wundr > wundor
*wunskijanąwȳsċanto wishwunskijaną > wunskijan > wūskijan > wūskjan > wūsċjan > wȳsċjan > wȳsċan
*wāgazwǣġwavewāgaz > wāga > wāg > wǣg > wǣġ
*wānijanąwēnanexpectwānijaną > wānijan > wą̄nijan > wą̄njan > wēnjan > wēnan
*wānizwēnhope, expectationwāniz > wāni > wą̄ni > wēni > wēn
*wāpnąwǣpenweaponwāpną > wāpn > wǣpn > wǣpen
*wītijąwītepunishmentwītiją > wītij > wītī > wīti > wīte
*þakkjanþeċċanto coverþakkjan > þækkjan > þæċċjan > þeċċjan > þeċċan
*þangilazþenġelprinceþangilaz > þangila > þangil > þąngil > þąnġil > þænġil > þenġil > þenġel
*þegnazþeġnretainer, followerþegnaz > þegna > þegn > þeġn
*þrūþizþrȳþpowerþrūþiz > þrūþi > þrȳþi > þrȳþ
*þunrazþunorthunderþunraz > þunra > þunr > þunor

∅ -> e

PNWGmcOEExpectedGlossDerivation
*albizielfe**ielfelfalbiz > alβi > ælβi > ealβi > ielβi > ielβ > ielf

a -> ea

PNWGmcOEExpectedGlossDerivation
*badubeadu**badubadu > bædu > badu

ǣ -> ēa

PNWGmcOEExpectedGlossDerivation
*jārąġēar**ġǣryearjārą > jār > jǣr > ġǣr

∅ -> b

PNWGmcOEExpectedGlossDerivation
*kumlącumbol**cumolbannerkumlą > kuml > kumol

ǣ -> ē

PNWGmcOEExpectedGlossDerivationNotes
*mākijazmēċe**mǣċeswordmākijaz > mākija > mākij > mākī > mǣkī > mǣċī > mǣċi > mǣċemēċe is Anglian form?

æ -> a

PNWGmcOEExpectedGlossDerivation
*nakʷônaca**næcashipnakʷô > nakwô > nakwō > nækwō > nækwā > nækā > næka

ea -> eo

PNWGmcOEExpectedGlossDerivation
*razdureord**reardvoicerazdu > rardu > rærdu > reardu > reard

e -> ǣ

PNWGmcOEExpectedGlossDerivation
*unlādazunlǣd**unledpoorunlādaz > unlāda > unlād > unlǣd > unlæd > unled

a -> e

PNWGmcOEExpectedGlossDerivation
*upanazopen**opanopenupanaz > opanaz > opana > opan

Inconsistent Derivations

PNWGmcOEExpectedGlossDerivation
*gābunġēafon**gāfonto give.PST.3PLgābun > gǣβun > gāβun > gāfun > gāfon
*lākinônalācnian**lǣcnanto heallākinôna > lākinôn > lākinōn > lǣkinōn > lǣkinān > lǣċinān > lǣcnān > lǣcnan
*marhimīere**mierhmaremarhi > mærhi > mearhi > mierhi > mierh

Statistics

Consistent: 116 (91%); single-phoneme inconsistent: 9 (7%); inconsistent: 3; total: 128

Candidates

*klawiþô >
OE cleweþa "itch" (klawiþô > klawiþō > klæwiþō > klæwiþā > klewiþā > kleiþā > kleiþa)Ringe 2014: 260: 'w' did not drop due to lexical analogy with 'clāwan'
(source: Ringe 2014:237)
(expected: cleiþa)
*mirkʷaz >
OE mirce "dark" (mirkʷaz > miorkwī > miorkī > mierkī > mierki > mierke)
(source: Ringe 2014:215, Ringe 2014:215)
(expected: mircʷaz)
*mārijaz >
OE mǣre "famous" (mārijaz > mārija > mārij > mārī > mǣrī > mǣri > mǣre)
*nabulô >
OE nafola "navel" (nabulô > naβulō > næβulō > næβulā > naβulā > nafulā > nafula > nafola)
(source: Ringe 2014:191)
*nautą >
OE nēat "bovine, ox" (nautą > naut > nēat)
(source: Ringe 2014:172)
*raukijaną >
OE rīeċan "to fumigate, to burn incąense" (raukijaną > raukijan > raukjan > rēakjan > rēaċjan > rīeċjan > rīeċan)
(source: Ringe 2014:209)
*rūmijaną >
OE rȳman "to make room, to clear out" (rūmijaną > rūmijan > rūmjan > rȳmjan > rȳman)
(source: Ringe 2014:224)
*sadulaz >
OE sadol "saddle" (sadulaz > sadula > sadul > sædul > sadul > sadol)
(source: Ringe 2014:191)
*seglą >
OE seġl "sail" (seglą > segl > seġl)
(source: Ringe 2014:213)
*selhaz >
OE seolh "seal" (selhaz > selha > selh > seolh)
(source: Ringe 2014:187)
*siglijaną >
OE siġlan "to sail" (siglijaną > siglijan > sigljan > siġljan > siġlan)
(source: Ringe 2014:213)
*sigliją >
OE siġle "necklace" (sigliją > siglij > siglī > siġlī > siġli > siġle)
(source: Ringe 2014:213)
*skardaz >
OE sċeard "damaged, notched" (skardaz > skarda > skard > skærd > skeard > sċeard)
(source: Ringe 2014:205)
*skaubą >
OE sċēaf "sheaf" (skaubą > skauβ > skēaβ > sċēaβ > sċēaf)
(source: Ringe 2014:206)
*skeraną >
OE sċieran "to cut, to shear" (skeraną > skeran > sċeran > sċeran)
(source: Ringe 2014:216)
(expected: sċeran)
*skeutaną >
OE sċēotan "to shoot" (skeutaną > skeutan > skēotan > sċēotan)
*smirwijaną >
OE smierwan "to smear, to anoint" (smirwijaną > smirwijan > smirwjan > smiorwjan > smierwjan > smierwan)
(source: Ringe 2014:248)
*snūtijaną >
OE snȳtan "to blow one's nose" (snūtijaną > snūtijan > snūtjan > snȳtjan > snȳtan)
(source: Ringe 2014:224)
*stapulaz >
OE stapol "post, pillar" (stapulaz > stapula > stapul > stæpul > stapul > stapol)
(source: Ringe 2014:191)
*staþulaz >
OE staþol "base, foundation" (staþulaz > staþula > staþul > stæþul > staþul > staþol)
(source: Ringe 2014:191)
*stinþaz >
OE stīþ "stiff" (stinþaz > stinþa > stinþ > stīþ)
(source: Ringe 2014:140)
*stiurijaną >
OE stīeran "to steer, to direct" (stiurijaną > stiurijan > stiurjan > stīorjan > stīerjan > stīeran)
(source: Ringe 2014:250)
*taihōn- >
OE "toe" (taihōn- > taihǣ > tāhǣ > tāhæ > )
(source: Ringe 2014:314)
(expected: tān)