Etymograph > Indo-European > Old English > Rules > oe-breaking-before-rc-lc

Source: Ringe 2014:180, Hogg 2011:5.16

Examples

FromToGlossStepsExpected
PWGmc *armearmarmarm > ærm > earm
PWGmc *swartsweartblackswart > swært > sweart
PWGmc *halmhealmstrawhalm > hælm > healm
PGmc *halma-healmstrawhalma- > hælm > healm
PWGmc *halshealsneckhals > hæls > heals
PWGmc *kalbċealfcalfkalb > kælβ > kealβ > ċealf
PGmc *kalbiz-ċealfcalfkalbiz- > kælβi > kealβi > ċielfċielf
PGmc *kaldazċealdcoldkaldaz > kæld > keald > ċeald
PGmc *gardazġeardenclosuregardaz > gærd > geard > ġeard
PGmc *garda-ġeardenclosuregarda- > gærd > geard > ġeard
PGmc *galgôġealgagallowsgalgô > gælgā > gealgā > ġealga
PGmc *galgan-ġealgagallowsgalgan- > gælgan > gealgan > ġealganġealgan
PNWGmc *garnąġearnyarngarną > gærn > gearn > ġearn
PNWGmc *galdrazġealdorincantationgaldraz > gældr > gealdr > ġealdor
PNWGmc *skardazsċearddamaged, notchedskardaz > skærd > skeard > sċeard
PWGmc *skarpsċearpsharpskarp > skærp > skearp > sċearp
PGmc *skarpa-sċearpsharpskarpa- > skærp > skearp > sċearp
PWGmc *kaldīċielducoldnesskaldī > kældī > kealdī > ċieldeċielde
PNWGmc *markumearcboundarymarku > mærku > mearku > mearc
PWGmc *arbīierfeinheritancearbī > ærβī > earβī > ierfe
PGmc *arbja-ierfeinheritancearbja- > ærβi > earβi > ierfierf
PWGmc *hwarbōnhwearfianto wander aroundhwarbōn > hwærβān > hwearβān > hwearfanhwearfan
PWGmc *falþanfealdanto roll up, to foldfalþan > fældan > fealdan
PWGmc *balþbealdbold, bravebalþ > bælþ > bealþbealþ
PWGmc *garwijanġierwanto preparegarwijan > gærwjan > gearwjan > ġierwan
PGmc *garwjan-ġierwanprepare, make readygarwjan- > gærwjan > gearwjan > ġierwan
PWGmc *arbaiþiearfoþhardship, hard laborarbaiþi > ærβāþi > earβāþi > earfaþearfaþ
PGmc *barnąbearnchildbarną > bærn > bearn
PGmc *barna-bearnchildbarna- > bærn > bearn
PWGmc *bardbeardbeardbard > bærd > beard
PGmc *barzda-beardedge, brim; beardbarzda- > bærrd > bearrd > beard
PGmc *arsazearsarsearsaz > ærs > ears
PGmc *farhazfearhpigletfarhaz > færh > fearh
PGmc *farha-fearhpigletfarha- > færh > fearh
PWGmc *sparwōspearwasparrowsparwō > spærwā > spearwā > spearwa
PNWGmc *argazeargcowardly, effeminateargaz > ærg > earg
PWGmc *hwarbhwearfturning; exchange; gathering; crowdhwarb > hwærβ > hwearβ > hwearf
PWGmc *farrfearrbullfarr > færr > fearr
PGmc *farza-fearryoung bullfarza- > færr > fearr
PGmc *saltąsealtsaltsaltą > sælt > sealt
PGmc *salta-sealtsaltsalta- > sælt > sealt
PWGmc *haldanhealdanto keep, to protecthaldan > hældan > healdan
PNWGmc *fallanąfeallanto fallfallaną > fællan > feallan
PNWGmc *halluheallhallhallu > hællu > heallu > heall
PWGmc *anafaltanfealtanvilanafalt > ænæfælt > ænæfealt > ænfealtænfealt
PWGmc *swalwāswealweswallowswalwā > swælwǣ > swealwǣ > swealwe
PGmc *swalwōn-swealweswallowswalwōn- > swælwān > swealwān > swealwanswealwan
PGmc *balgizbielġleather bagbalgiz > bælgi > bealgi > bielġ
PGmc *warmijanąwiermanto warmwarmijaną > wærmjan > wearmjan > wierman
PGmc *wargijanąwierġanto condemnwargijaną > wærgjan > weargjan > wierġan
PNWGmc *fardizfierdjourneyfardiz > færdi > feardi > fierd
PNWGmc *hʷarbijanąhwierfanto turn, to changehʷarbijaną > hwærβjan > hwearβjan > hwierfan
PGmc *hʷarbjan-hwierfanmake turnhʷarbjan- > hwærβjan > hwearβjan > hwierfan
PNWGmc *bargijanąbierġanto tastebargijaną > bærgjan > beargjan > bierġan
PWGmc *harstijanhierstanto roastharstijan > hærstjan > hearstjan > hierstan
PWGmc *armiþuiermþpoverty, miseryarmiþu > ærmiþu > earmiþu > iermþ
PWGmc *skarpijansċierpanto sharpenskarpijan > skærpjan > skearpjan > sċierpan
PWGmc *warnijanwiernanto refuse, to denywarnijan > wærnjan > wearnjan > wiernan
PWGmc *darnīdiernesecretdarnī > dærnī > dearnī > dierne
PWGmc *gazdiġierdrodgazdi > gærdi > geardi > ġierd
PGmc *hardijanąhierdanto hardenhardijaną > hærdjan > heardjan > hierdan
PNWGmc *gamarkijąġemierċemarkgamarkiją > gamærkī > gamearkī > gamierċegamierċe
PNWGmc *marhimīeremaremarhi > mærhi > mearhi > mierhmierh
PNWGmc *halþijanąhieldanto tilt, to inclinehalþijaną > hældjan > healdjan > hieldan
PNWGmc *albizielfeelfalbiz > ælβi > ealβi > ielfielf
PNWGmc *aldijanąieldanto make oldaldijaną > ældjan > ealdjan > ieldan
PNWGmc *razdureordvoicerazdu > rærdu > reardu > reardreard
PWGmc *salbusealfointment, salvesalbu > sælβu > sealβu > sealf
PWGmc *weraldiweoroldworldweraldi > werældi > werealdi > wereeldwereeld
PWGmc *hard(ī)heardhardhard(ī) > hærd(ī) > heard(ī) > hierd(e)hierd(e)
PGmc *hardu-heardhard, severehardu- > hærdu > heardu > heard
PGmc *aikʷernan-ācweornsquirrelaikʷernan- > ākwærnan > ākwearnan > ācearnanācearnan
PGmc *albut-ielfetuswanalbut- > ælβut > ealβut > ealfotealfot
PGmc *alda-eald(grown) oldalda- > æld > eald
PGmc *aldra-aldorage, life(span)aldra- > ældr > ealdr > ealdorealdor
PGmc *algōjan-ealgianprotectalgōjan- > ælgōjan > ealgōjan > ealgian
PGmc *alh-ealhtemplealh- > ælh > ealh
PGmc *alkōn-ealceaukalkōn- > ælkān > ealkān > ealcanealcan
PGmc *arhʷō-earharrowarhʷō- > ærhwu > earhwu > earh
PGmc *arbjan-ierfeheirarbjan- > ærβjan > earβjan > ierfanierfan
PGmc *alla-eallallalla- > æll > eall
PGmc *aldō-aldahthollow (of a tree)aldō- > ældu > ealdu > ealdeald
PGmc *apaldra-apuldreapple-treeapaldra- > æpældr > æpealdr > æpealdoræpealdor
PGmc *artō-eartewagtail?artō- > ærtu > eartu > earteart
PGmc *arfan-earfanchickweedarfan- > ærfan > earfan
PGmc *balgizbeligleather bagbalgiz > bælgi > bealgi > bielibieli
PGmc *baltja-beltbeltbaltja- > bælti > bealti > bieltbielt
PGmc *barsa-bearspike, bassbarsa- > bærs > bears
PGmc *brazda-breardedge, brimbrazda- > brærd > breard
PGmc *fallan-fallanfallfallan- > fællan > feallanfeallan
PGmc *farma-fearmmoving(?)farma- > færm > fearm
PGmc *farna-fearnfernfarna- > færn > fearn
PGmc *fīfaldra-fīfealdebutterflyfīfaldra- > fīfældr > fīfealdrfīfealdr
PGmc *galda-ġieldebarren, not (yet) pregnantgalda- > gæld > geald > ġealdġeald
PGmc *gallan-ġeallabilegallan- > gællan > geallan > ġeallanġeallan
PGmc *halba-healfhalfhalba- > hælβ > healβ > healf
PGmc *halta-healtlame, limpinghalta- > hælt > healt
PGmc *halþa-healdsloping; inclinedhalþa- > hælþ > healþhealþ
PGmc *harbista-hærfestautumn, fallharbista- > hærβist > hearβist > hierfesthierfest
PGmc *hargu-heargsacrificial mound?hargu- > hærgu > heargu > hearg
PGmc *harma-hearmharm, sorrowharma- > hærm > hearm
PGmc *harman-hearmaermineharman- > hærman > hearmanhearman
PGmc *hʷalfa-hwealfvaulthʷalfa- > hwælf > hwealf
PGmc *īsarna-īsernironīsarna- > īsærn > īsearnīsearn
PGmc *kalzōjan-ċealliancall, shoutkalzōjan- > kælrōjan > kealrōjan > ċealrianċealrian
PGmc *maldjō-meldesaltbush, orachemaldjō- > mældju > mealdju > mieldmield
PGmc *maltjan-mieltanmake dissolvemaltjan- > mæltjan > mealtjan > mieltan
PGmc *marha-mearhhorse, steedmarha- > mærh > mearh
PGmc *marka-mearcsignmarka- > mærk > mearc
PGmc *marþru-mearþmartenmarþru- > mærþru > mearþru > mearþrmearþr
PGmc *mazga-mearhmarrowmazga- > mærg > meargmearg
PGmc *saltan-sealtansalt (down), picklesaltan- > sæltan > sealtan
PGmc *skalka-sċealcservantskalka- > skælk > skealk > sċealc
PGmc *skarna-sċearndung, muckskarna- > skærn > skearn > sċearn
PGmc *smalta-smolt(molten) fat, lardsmalta- > smælt > smealtsmealt
PGmc *stalla-steallstanding, stand, stall, stablestalla- > stæll > steall
PGmc *starka-stearcstrongstarka- > stærk > stearc
PGmc *talga-tælgtallowtalga- > tælg > tealgtealg
PGmc *targjan-tierġanvextargjan- > tærgjan > teargjan > tierġan
PGmc *targōn-targeedgetargōn- > tærgān > teargān > tearganteargan
PGmc *þarma-þearmbowel, intestineþarma- > þærm > þearm
PGmc *waldan-wealdanrule, have authority overwaldan- > wældan > wealdan
PGmc *walkan-wealcanrollwalkan- > wælkan > wealcan
PGmc *wallan-weallanwell up, boil, seethewallan- > wællan > weallan
PGmc *walþu-wealdfield, uncultivated area, woodwalþu- > wældu > wealdu > weald
PGmc *walwjan-wielwanrollwalwjan- > wælwjan > wealwjan > wielwan
PGmc *warma-wearmwarmwarma- > wærm > wearm
PGmc *warza-wearrcalluswarza- > wærr > wearr
PGmc *wardjan-*wierdancause to degeneratewardjan- > wærdjan > weardjan > wierdan
PGmc *balgjan-belganmake swell, make angrybalgjan- > bælgjan > bealgjan > bielianbielian
PGmc *wallōn-weallianrollwallōn- > wællōjan > weallōjan > weallian

Examples

FromToGlossStepsExpected
PGmc *gernazġeorndesirous, eagergernaz > gern > georn > ġeorn
PWGmc *kerbanċeorfanto carve, to cutkerban > keorβan > ċeorfan
PGmc *kerban-ċeorfancarvekerban- > keorβan > ċeorfan
PWGmc *herduheordherdherdu > heordu > heord
PWGmc *hwerbanhweorfanto turnhwerban > hweorβan > hweorfan
PWGmc *kwernucweornmillkwernu > kweornu > cweorn
PWGmc *hertāheortehearthertā > hertǣ > heortǣ > heorte
PGmc *hertōn-heortehearthertōn- > hertān > heortān > heortanheortan
PGmc *werpanąweorpanto throwwerpaną > werpan > weorpan
PGmc *werkąweorcworkwerką > werk > weorc
PGmc *werka-weorcworkwerka- > werk > weorc
PGmc *berhtazbeorhtbrightberhtaz > berht > beorht
PGmc *swerdąsweordswordswerdą > swerd > sweord
PGmc *swerda-sweordswordswerda- > swerd > sweord
PNWGmc *erlazeorlnoblemanerlaz > erl > eorl
PWGmc *sterbansteorfanto diesterban > steorβan > steorfan
PGmc *sterban-steorfanbecome stiff, diesterban- > steorβan > steorfan
PWGmc *smertansmeortanto be painfulsmertan > smeortan
PWGmc *ernusteornostseriousness, zealernust > eornust > eornost
PGmc *berga-beorgmountainberga- > berg > beorg
PGmc *bergan-beorgankeep (safe)bergan- > beorgan
PGmc *berkan-beorcanroarberkan- > beorcan
PGmc *berkō-beorcbirch-treeberkō- > berku > beorku > beorc
PGmc *derba-deorfbravederba- > derβ > deorβ > deorf
PGmc *derban-deorfanperishderban- > deorβan > deorfan
PGmc *derka-deorcdarkderka- > derk > deorc
PGmc *dwerga-dweorgdwarfdwerga- > dwerg > dweorg
PGmc *erpa-eorplight brownerpa- > erp > eorp
PGmc *fergunja-firgenmountainfergunja- > ferguni > feorguni > feorgenfeorgen
PGmc *ferhʷa-feorhlife, essenceferhʷa- > ferhu > feorhu > feorh
PGmc *ferraifeorrfarferrai > ferrē > feorrē > feorrefeorre
PGmc *fersnō-fiersnheelfersnō- > fersnu > feorsnu > feorsnfeorsn
PGmc *fertan-feortanfartfertan- > feortan
PGmc *herþa-heorðhearthherþa- > herþ > heorð
PGmc *hezdōn-heordflax fibershezdōn- > herdān > heordān > heordanheordan
PGmc *hʷerhʷetjō-hwerhwettegourd(?)hʷerhʷetjō- > hwerhwettj > hweorhwettj > hwēoretthwēorett
PGmc *kerla-ċeorlman, freemankerla- > kerl > keorl > ċeorl
PGmc *kerzan-ċeorrancreak, to cry (of birds)kerzan- > kerran > keorran > ċeorran
PGmc *merkʷu-miercedarkmerkʷu- > merkwu > meorkwu > meorcmeorc
PGmc *serþan-seorðanhit; to violate sexuallyserþan- > seorðan
PGmc *skerban-sċeorfanscrape, scratchskerban- > skeorβan > sċeorfan
PGmc *smertan-smeortanhurtsmertan- > smeortan
PGmc *swerkan-sweorcandarken, become gloomy/sadswerkan- > sweorcan
PGmc *tersa-teorspeg; penistersa- > ters > teors
PGmc *terwan-teorotarterwan- > teorwanteorwan
PGmc *þerba-þeorftough(?)þerba- > þerβ > þeorβ > þeorf
PGmc *þerhʷeþerhthroughþerhʷe > þerhwe > þeorhwe > þēoreþēore
PGmc *þwerha-þweorhcrossþwerha- > þwerh > þweorh
PGmc *werþa-weorþworthwerþa- > werþ > weorþ
PGmc *sterran-steorrastarsterran- > steorransteorran
PGmc *snerkan-*sneorcanshrivelsnerkan- > sneorcan
PWGmc *werþanweorþanto becomewerþan > weorþan

Examples

FromToGlossStepsExpected
PWGmc *skelhsċeolhoblique, crooked, squintingskelh > skeolh > sċeolh
PGmc *skelha-sċeolhwry, obliqueskelha- > skelh > skeolh > sċeolh
PGmc *felhanąfēolanto push infelhaną > felhan > feolhan > fēolan
PNWGmc *selhazseolhsealselhaz > selh > seolh
PGmc *selha-seolhsealselha- > selh > seolh
PGmc *elha-eolhelkelha- > elh > eolh
PGmc *felhan-felanhidefelhan- > feolhan > fēolanfēolan

Examples

FromToGlossStepsExpected
PWGmc *mirkwīmircedarkmirkwī > miorkwī > miercemierce
PWGmc *mizdumeordrewardmizdu > mirdu > miordu > meord
PWGmc *hirdīhierdeherdsmanhirdī > hiordī > hierde
PWGmc *liznōnliornianto learnliznōn > lirnān > liornān > leornanleornan
PGmc *girnijanąġiernanto be eager for, to desiregirnijaną > girnjan > giornjan > ġiernan
PGmc *firrizfierrfurtherfirriz > firri > fiorri > fierr
PNWGmc *smirwijanąsmierwanto smear, to anointsmirwijaną > smirwjan > smiorwjan > smierwan
PWGmc *hirtijanhiertanto put heart in (someone)hirtijan > hirtjan > hiortjan > hiertan
PWGmc *irzīierremistaken, wrongirzī > irrī > iorrī > ierre
PWGmc *liznōnleornianto learnliznōn > lirnān > liornān > leornanleornan
PGmc *liznōn-leornianto learnliznōn- > lirnōjan > liornōjan > leornian
PGmc *kizna-cēnpine treekizna- > kirn > kiorn > ċeornċeorn

Sequences

pwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-breaking-before-h, next oe-breaking-before-w
pgmc-to-oe: previous oe-breaking-before-h, next oe-breaking-before-w
pnwgmc-to-oe: previous oe-breaking-before-h, next oe-breaking-before-w