Etymograph > Indo-European > Old English > Rules > oe-diphthong-i-umlaut

Source: Ringe 2014:240

Examples

FromToGlossStepsExpected
PGmc *kalbiz-ċealfcalfkalbiz- > ċealβi > ċielβi > ċielfċielf
PWGmc *kaldīċielducoldnesskaldī > ċealdī > ċieldī > ċieldeċielde
PGmc *gaumijanąġīemanto observegaumijaną > ġēamjan > ġīemjan > ġīeman
PWGmc *skaunīsċīenebeautifulskaunī > sċēanī > sċīenī > sċīene
PWGmc *mirkwīmircedarkmirkwī > miorkī > mierkī > miercemierce
PWGmc *gastiġiestguestgasti > ġeasti > ġiesti > ġiest
PWGmc *hirdīhierdeherdsmanhirdī > hiordī > hierdī > hierde
PWGmc *arbīierfeinheritancearbī > earβī > ierβī > ierfe
PGmc *arbja-ierfeinheritancearbja- > earβi > ierβi > ierfierf
PWGmc *skappjansċieppanto make, to createskappjan > sċeappjan > sċieppjan > sċieppan
PWGmc *hlahhjanhliehhanto laughhlahhjan > hleahhjan > hliehhjan > hliehhan
PWGmc *awwjuīeġislandawwju > ēaju > īeju > īeġ
PWGmc *hauzijanhīeranto hearhauzijan > hēarjan > hīerjan > hīeran
PGmc *hauzjan-hīeranto hearhauzjan- > hēarjan > hīerjan > hīeran
PWGmc *garwijanġierwanto preparegarwijan > ġearwjan > ġierwjan > ġierwan
PGmc *garwjan-ġierwanprepare, make readygarwjan- > ġearwjan > ġierwjan > ġierwan
PGmc *balgizbielġleather bagbalgiz > bealġi > bielġi > bielġ
PNWGmc *raukijanąrīeċanto cause smoke, to smoke (meat etc.)raukijaną > rēaċjan > rīeċjan > rīeċan
PNWGmc *laugizlīeġflamelaugiz > lēaġi > līeġi > līeġ
PNWGmc *baugijanąbīeġanto bendbaugijaną > bēaġjan > bīeġjan > bīeġan
PGmc *baugjan-bīeġan(make) bendbaugjan- > bēaġjan > bīeġjan > bīeġan
PWGmc *kabisiċiefesconcubinekabisi > ċeaβisi > ċieβisi > ċiefsċiefs
PGmc *warmijanąwiermanto warmwarmijaną > wearmjan > wiermjan > wierman
PGmc *wargijanąwierġanto condemnwargijaną > wearġjan > wierġjan > wierġan
PNWGmc *fardizfierdjourneyfardiz > feardi > fierdi > fierd
PNWGmc *hʷarbijanąhwierfanto turn, to changehʷarbijaną > hwearβjan > hwierβjan > hwierfan
PGmc *hʷarbjan-hwierfanmake turnhʷarbjan- > hwearβjan > hwierβjan > hwierfan
PNWGmc *bargijanąbierġanto tastebargijaną > bearġjan > bierġjan > bierġan
PWGmc *harstijanhierstanto roastharstijan > hearstjan > hierstjan > hierstan
PWGmc *armiþuiermþpoverty, miseryarmiþu > earmiþu > iermiþu > iermþ
PWGmc *skarpijansċierpanto sharpenskarpijan > sċearpjan > sċierpjan > sċierpan
PWGmc *warnijanwiernanto refuse, to denywarnijan > wearnjan > wiernjan > wiernan
PWGmc *darnīdiernesecretdarnī > dearnī > diernī > dierne
PWGmc *gazdiġierdrodgazdi > ġeardi > ġierdi > ġierd
PGmc *hardijanąhierdanto hardenhardijaną > heardjan > hierdjan > hierdan
PNWGmc *gamarkijąġemierċemarkgamarkiją > gamearċī > gamierċī > gamierċegamierċe
PNWGmc *marhimīeremaremarhi > mearhi > mierhi > mierhmierh
PNWGmc *halþijanąhieldanto tilt, to inclinehalþijaną > healdjan > hieldjan > hieldan
PNWGmc *albizielfeelfalbiz > ealβi > ielβi > ielfielf
PNWGmc *aldijanąieldanto make oldaldijaną > ealdjan > ieldjan > ieldan
PWGmc *katilċytelkettlekatil > ċeatil > ċietil > ċietelċietel
PGmc *hauhiþōhīehþheighthauhiþō > hēahiþu > hīehiþu > hīehþ
PGmc *galaubijanąġelīefanto believegalaubijaną > ġælēaβjan > ġælīeβjan > ġælīefanġælīefan
PGmc *lausijanąlīesanto release, to set freelausijaną > lēasjan > līesjan > līesan
PGmc *hlautizhlīetlothlautiz > hlēati > hlīeti > hlīet
PWGmc *auþīīeþeeasyauþī > ēaþī > īeþī > īeþe
PWGmc *kāsīċȳsechieesekāsī > ċēasī > ċīesī > ċīeseċīese
PWGmc *kawwjanċīeġanto callkawwjan > ċēajan > ċīejan > ċīeġan
PGmc *kaujan-ċīeġancall, shoutkaujan- > ċēajan > ċīejan > ċīeġan
PGmc *girnijanąġiernanto be eager for, to desiregirnijaną > ġiornjan > ġiernjan > ġiernan
PGmc *firrizfierrfurtherfirriz > fiorri > fierri > fierr
PNWGmc *smirwijanąsmierwanto smear, to anointsmirwijaną > smiorwjan > smierwjan > smierwan
PWGmc *hirtijanhiertanto put heart in (someone)hirtijan > hiortjan > hiertjan > hiertan
PGmc *siunizsīensightsiuniz > sīoni > sīeni > sīen
PGmc *liuhtijanąlīehtanto shineliuhtijaną > līohtjan > līehtjan > līehtan
PNWGmc *diurijazdīerevaluablediurijaz > dīorī > dīerī > dīere
PNWGmc *stiurijanąstīeranto steer, to directstiurijaną > stīorjan > stīerjan > stīeran
PWGmc *niudinīeddesire, eagernessniudi > nīodi > nīedi > nīed
PWGmc *kliuwīnclīewenlittle ballkliuwīn > klīowī > klīewī > clīeeclīee
PWGmc *striunijanstrīenanto acquire, to gainstriunijan > strīonjan > strīenjan > strīenan
PWGmc *stahlīstīelesteel weaponstahlī > steahlī > stiehlī > stīele
PWGmc *irzīierremistaken, wrongirzī > iorrī > ierrī > ierre
PGmc *alamahtīgazælmihtiġalmightyalamahtīgaz > alumeahtīġ > alumiehtīġ > alomiehtiġalomiehtiġ
PWGmc *weraldiweoroldworldweraldi > werealdi > werieldi > wereeldwereeld
PWGmc *hard(ī)heardhardhard(ī) > heard(ī) > hierd(ī) > hierd(e)hierd(e)
PGmc *ahiz-ēarearahiz- > eahi > iehi > īeīe
PGmc *arbjan-ierfeheirarbjan- > earβjan > ierβjan > ierfanierfan
PGmc *balgizbeligleather bagbalgiz > bealġi > bielġi > bielibieli
PGmc *baltja-beltbeltbaltja- > bealti > bielti > bieltbielt
PGmc *daujan-dīeġandiedaujan- > dēajan > dīejan > dīeġan
PGmc *draugja-drȳgedrydraugja- > drēaġi > drīeġi > drīeġdrīeġ
PGmc *draupjan-drīepanmake dripdraupjan- > drēapjan > drīepjan > drīepan
PGmc *fahti-fehtfleecefahti- > feahti > fiehti > fiehtfieht
PGmc *flauti-flītecreamflauti- > flēati > flīeti > flīetflīet
PGmc *frauja-frēalordfrauja- > frēaj > frīej > frīeġfrīeġ
PGmc *gauja--gēdistrict, regiongauja- > ġēaj > ġīej > ġīeġġīeġ
PGmc *harbista-hærfestautumn, fallharbista- > hearβist > hierβist > hierfesthierfest
PGmc *hauja-hīeġhayhauja- > hēaj > hīej > hīeġ
PGmc *haujan-hēgansee to(?)haujan- > hēajan > hīejan > hīeġanhīeġan
PGmc *kēgjō-cǣgpeg, keykēgjō- > ċēaġju > ċīeġju > ċīeġċīeġ
PGmc *laugnjan-līegniankeep hidden, denylaugnjan- > lēagnjan > līegnjan > līegnanlīegnan
PGmc *mahti-meahtstrengthmahti- > meahti > miehti > miehtmieht
PGmc *maldjō-meldesaltbush, orachemaldjō- > mealdju > mieldju > mieldmield
PGmc *maltjan-mieltanmake dissolvemaltjan- > mealtjan > mieltjan > mieltan
PGmc *nauþi-nīedcompulsion, distressnauþi- > nēaþi > nīeþi > nīeþnīeþ
PWGmc *niuhsijannēosanto spyniuhsijan > nīosjan > nīesjan > nīesannīesan
PGmc *rauki-rēcsmokerauki- > rēaċi > rīeċi > rīeċrīeċ
PGmc *raupjan-rīepantear (off)raupjan- > rēapjan > rīepjan > rīepan
PGmc *siujan-seowiansewsiujan- > sīojan > sīejan > sīeġansīeġan
PGmc *skaþjan-sċeþþanharm, do wrongskaþjan- > sċeaþþjan > sċieþþjan > sċieþþansċieþþan
PGmc *smahrja-smǣraslipsmahrja- > smeahri > smiehri > smīersmīer
PGmc *straujan-strēowianstrewstraujan- > strēajan > strīejan > strīeġanstrīeġan
PGmc *targjan-tierġanvextargjan- > tearġjan > tierġjan > tierġan
PGmc *taujan-tawiando, maketaujan- > tēajan > tīejan > tīeġantīeġan
PGmc *walwjan-wielwanrollwalwjan- > wealwjan > wielwjan > wielwan
PGmc *daugjan-*dīeġanenduredaugjan- > dēaġjan > dīeġjan > dīeġan
PGmc *wardjan-*wierdancause to degeneratewardjan- > weardjan > wierdjan > wierdan
PGmc *balgjan-belganmake swell, make angrybalgjan- > bealġjan > bielġjan > bielianbielian
PGmc *straupjan-*strīepanstripstraupjan- > strēapjan > strīepjan > strīepan
PGmc *raubjan-*rīefanbreak (off), tear off, robraubjan- > rēaβjan > rīeβjan > rīefan
PGmc *slaupjan-slīepanroll upslaupjan- > slēapjan > slīepjan > slīepan
PGmc *kazjanċierranturn, directkazjan > ċearjan > ċierjan > ċieranċieran

Notes

This is the West Saxon version of the rule.

Sequences

pwgmc-to-oe: previous north-pwgmc-denasalization, next oe-oj-i
pgmc-to-oe: previous north-pwgmc-denasalization, next oe-oj-i
pnwgmc-to-oe: previous north-pwgmc-denasalization, next oe-oj-i