Etymograph > Indo-European > Proto-Northwest Germanic > Phoneme

Graphemes: ā
Classes: long back open vowel
Implicit classes: vocalic V
Features +long +back +low -high +syllabic +voice

Related rules

Origin

  • pnwgmc-e-lowering: ē > ā
  • Development: Proto-West Germanic

  • pwgmc-long-o: {ō|ǭ} > ā / _(r)#, ô > ō
  • Development: Old English

  • pwgmc-long-o: {ō|ǭ} > ā / _(r)#, ô > ō
  • post-pwgmc-monosyllabic-z: aiz > ā / C_, iz > ē / C_, uz > ū / C_
  • north-pwgmc-nasalization: {a|ā} > {ą|ą̄} / _[-syllabic,nasal]
  • pre-oe-a-fronting: {a|ā} > {æ|ǣ} / _{!w|wi}, {a|ā} > {æ|ǣ} / _{!w|wi}
  • pre-oe-long-o-unrounding: ō > ā
  • oe-diphthong-tensing: ai > ā, au > ēa, eu > ēo, iu > īo
  • oe-long-ae-retraction: ǣ > ā / _C[+back]
  • oe-i-umlaut: {u|ū|o|ō|æ|ā} > {y|ȳ|e|ē|e|ǣ}